"دليل الخليج. مجلد I. القسم التاريخي. الأجزاء Iأ و Iب. ج.ج. لوريمر ١٩١٥" [‎٢‎٣‎٥] (١٧٨٢/٣٧٨)

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In 1853 the rdg-irae of Maritime Truces was made permanent by the Perpetual
conclusion among the Shaikhs of Trucial 'Oman of a Perpetual Treaty of Peacef 1853.
Peace, of which the terms were the same as those of the periodical Truces.
At the end of 1854 the delivery up and destruction of a piratical
craft was enforced at 'Anik on the coast of Hasaby energetic naval action.
The owner seems to have been the last of the race of professional pirates
in the Persian Gulf, and the disappearance of piracy as a calling- is marked
by the replacement of the word " piracy " in official correspondence about
this time by the milder term " maritime irregularity." In 1855 an Arab
vessel in difficulties near Khor-al-'Odaid was attacked and one of the crew
killed; and an Indian vessel from Bombay met with bad treatment
at Sharjah; in 1856 there was a technical breach, on a large scale, of
the maritime rules at Abu Dhabi; and in 1860 a case of wreck,
worse than that of 1855, occurred at Ras-al-Khaimah. In these cases
substantial compensation for the injured parties was recovered, and in
a majority of them severe punishment was inflicted, over and above, on
the offending places or individuals. The only grave case of the period,
one in which two Arabs lost their lives, resulted inter aha in the surrender
of one of the chief criminals, who, being an 'Omani subject, was executed
at Masqat by order of the Sultan of ; Oman.
Maritime Surveys, 1836-62.
In so far as officers and ships permitted, the work of surveying the
Gulfs of Persia and 'Oman was carried on by the Indian Navy con
currently with their duties of watch and ward.
A survey of the south-east coast of Arabia, begun by Captain Haines
in 1833, was discontinued in 1837 owing to the exigencies of the service ;
and from 1839 to 1844, in consequence of the war in Afghanistan and
want of money for general purposes, marine surveys by the Indian NaVy
Were almost entirely in abeyance. In 1839, however, perhaps in con
nection with the occupation of Kharag, a report on the harbour of Kuwait
was made by an officer of the Indian Navy. The survey of the south
east coast of Arabia was resumed in 1844 and completed in 1848. In 1857,
it having been decided to revise the Persian Gulf survey of 1820-28, in
which errors and omissions were known to exist. Captain C. Constable,
assisted by Lieutenant A. W. Stiffe, was appointed to carry out the
work. He completed it in 1860, the vessels employed being at first the
" Euphrates " and later the " Marie," and the result of the labours of