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'File 9/4 Bahrain Reforms. Introduction of Reforms in Bahrain' [4v] (25/224)
The record is made up of 1 volume (98 folios). It was created in 30 Dec 1921-27 Jul 1924. It was written in English. The original is part of the British Library: India Office The department of the British Government to which the Government of India reported between 1858 and 1947. The successor to the Court of Directors. Records and Private Papers Documents collected in a private capacity. .
Transcription
This transcription is created automatically. It may contain errors.
*4
8
Shaikh Abdulla the latter must leave the Island until suitable guarantees are forth
coming that he will not interfere in local affairs.
I am not sure whether this step will commend itself to the Government of India
at the present time ; I am sure however that it would he the best means of ending
the present state of affairs and that if it could be taken the Shaikh and his family
would be alarmed and would mend their ways. If however this is not considered
suitable I would suggest that the Shaikh should be informed that many complaints
have been received of the tyranny exercised on his subjects by himself and his
family, and that the Government as protecting power cannot acquiesce in such
abuse of authority, and that therefore they have authorized the
Political Agent
A mid-ranking political representative (equivalent to a Consul) from the diplomatic corps of the Government of India or one of its subordinate provincial governments, in charge of a Political Agency.
to
intervene when glaring cases of oppression are brought to his notice, and extend
British protection temporarily to the oppressed party pending enquiry into his case.
This is only a palliative measure of course and will cause friction between the
Shaikh and the Political
Agency
An office of the East India Company and, later, of the British Raj, headed by an agent.
, but the present state of affairs puts the Political
Agent as representative of the protecting power in an extremely invidious
position. Bahrain subjects naturally look to him to improve their position, and
it is very difficult for him to refuse to assist victims of such gross oppression as are
instanced in some of the cases mentioned in the enclosure to this letter.
Enclosure of Serial No. 3.
Memo. No. 1-C., dated Bahrain, the 34^ January 1922.
From— Major C. K. Daly , I .A.,
Political Agent
A mid-ranking political representative (equivalent to a Consul) from the diplomatic corps of the Government of India or one of its subordinate provincial governments, in charge of a Political Agency.
, Bahrain,
To—The Hon'ble the
Political Resident
A senior ranking political representative (equivalent to a Consul General) from the diplomatic corps of the Government of India or one of its subordinate provincial governments, in charge of a Political Residency.
in the
Persian Gulf
The historical term used to describe the body of water between the Arabian Peninsula and Iran.
, Bushire.
In continuation of the iepoit recently submitted on Bahrain I beg to forward
some examples of the oppression of which the deputation complained to you on
the occasion of your recent visit here.
The actual cases, committed as they are by the many members of A1 Khalifeh,
each of whom have absolute powers over particular tracts of the Islands, are so
numerous that under present conditions it is impossible to keep pace with them,
and any attempt to assist the persons concerned would in all probability lead to
further persecution unless they could be put forthwith under British protection.
On my return from Bushire I was greeted on the landing stage by a large
number of Bahrain subjects who enquired what steps I had been ordered to take.
1 told them the matter was under consideration.
During my absence, a report had been spread, obviously by the Shaikh*
^ (Abdulla returned to Bahrain the day after 1 left) to the effect that I would nol;
return and that Yusuf Kanoo had been sent for by you as you were displeased with '
him, and Khan Shaib Muhammad Shaiif would shortly be deported. Under cover
of this an attempt was made to coerce villagers into signing a document addressed
to the Ruler expressing affection, and satisfaction with his rule. This failed com
pletely. and I am told a letter was addressed to you by the Bahrainis. Manv
persons applied to the Qadhi for information as to the truth of the rumours spread
i ■ by the Shaikh, and 1 am told he sent a letter to me to Bushire asking me to return
• but that missed me, and may have reached you.
Some examples of oppression of Bahrain subjects by the ruling family in Bahrain.
1. Ali bin Sufra died about one year ago and left for charity about Rs. 45.000
to be a trust administered by one Siyadi. Shaikh Abdulla^son of the Ruler'
prompted the brother of the deceased to bring a case to him claiming that the
administration of the trust should be in his hands. The case was sent to the
Qadhi. The Tatter refused to alter the settlement, particularly as the plaintiff
was known to be a bad character, for which reason he had not been appointed
trustee by the deceased. Shaikh Abdulla ignored the Shara order and took the
money by compulsion from Siyadi. He gave about Rs. 20,000 to the deceased's'
brother who had brought the case, Rs. 2,000 as a bribe to the Ruler's chief servant
who had assisted him in securing the money, and has embezzled the remainder.
By various subterfuges Abdulla also made a considerable sum out of the
remainder of the legacy which was left , to the heirs.
About this item
- Content
The volume contains printed copies of Government of India confidential correspondence, relating to the Bahrain reforms. The majority of the letters contained in volume are printed copies of correspondence originally sent to the Government of India either by the Political Resident A senior ranking political representative (equivalent to a Consul General) from the diplomatic corps of the Government of India or one of its subordinate provincial governments, in charge of a Political Residency. in the Persian Gulf The historical term used to describe the body of water between the Arabian Peninsula and Iran. (Lieutenant-Colonel Arthur Trevor or Acting Resident Lieutenant-Colonel Stuart Knox), or the Political Agent A mid-ranking political representative (equivalent to a Consul) from the diplomatic corps of the Government of India or one of its subordinate provincial governments, in charge of a Political Agency. at Bahrain (Major Clive Daly). Much of the correspondence featured in the volume can be found in the original (or as office copies) in a number of files in the two Bahrain Agency An office of the East India Company and, later, of the British Raj, headed by an agent. subsubseries ‘File 9 Bahrain Reforms’ (IOR/R/15/2/127-138) and ‘File 8 Miscellaneous’ (IOR/R/15/2/121-126), and the Bushire Residency An office of the East India Company and, later, of the British Raj, established in the provinces and regions considered part of, or under the influence of, British India. subsubseries ‘File 19 Bahrain’ (IOR/R/15/1/314-77).
The printed correspondence contained in the volume covers a range of subjects:
- Events leading up to the programme of reforms carried out in Bahrain: allegations of the oppression of Bahraini subjects by members of the Āl Khalīfah family, violence, the deteriorating economic situation;
- The reforms proposed and implemented by British officials: replacement of Shaikh ‘Īsá by Shaikh Ḥamad as defacto ruler, economic reforms, judicial reforms, pearl diving industry reforms, customs house reforms;
- Specific incidents of violence involving Sunnis and Shias, or Najdis and Persians.
Some of the papers in the volume are accompanied by duplicate copies:
- Folios 61-64 are duplicates of folios 57-60;
- Folios 68-69 are duplicates of folios 66-67;
- Folios 81-84 are duplicates of folios 77-80.
- Extent and format
- 1 volume (98 folios)
- Arrangement
The volume's contents are arranged in approximate chronological order, starting with the earliest items at the front and finishing with the latest items at the end.
- Physical characteristics
Foliation: The volume is foliated from the front cover to the inside back cover, using uncircled pencil numbers in the top-right corner of each recto The front of a sheet of paper or leaf, often abbreviated to 'r'. . Most of the items in the volume are printed items that have their own internal pagination systems, using printed numbers in the top-right corners of recto The front of a sheet of paper or leaf, often abbreviated to 'r'. pages and the top-left corners of verso The back of a sheet of paper or leaf, often abbreviated to 'v'. pages, or centred at the top of both verso The back of a sheet of paper or leaf, often abbreviated to 'v'. and recto The front of a sheet of paper or leaf, often abbreviated to 'r'. pages. The following foliation anomalies occur: 1a, 1b, 1c, 1d, 1e, 1f.
- Written in
- English in Latin script View the complete information for this record
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'File 9/4 Bahrain Reforms. Introduction of Reforms in Bahrain' [4v] (25/224), British Library: India Office Records and Private Papers, IOR/R/15/2/131, in Qatar Digital Library <https://www.qdl.qa/archive/81055/vdc_100023403812.0x00001a> [accessed 20 April 2024]
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Copyright: How to use this content
- Reference
- IOR/R/15/2/131
- Title
- 'File 9/4 Bahrain Reforms. Introduction of Reforms in Bahrain'
- Pages
- front, back, spine, edge, head, tail, front-i, 1ar:1fv, 2r:15r, 17v:18v, 21r:42v, 44v:46v, 47v:71v, 73r:74v, 75v:79r, 80v:83r, 84v:91r, 92v:93r, 94v:103v, back-i
- Author
- East India Company, the Board of Control, the India Office, or other British Government Department
- Usage terms
- Open Government Licence