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'File 9/4 Bahrain Reforms. Introduction of Reforms in Bahrain' [‎8r] (32/224)

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The record is made up of 1 volume (98 folios). It was created in 30 Dec 1921-27 Jul 1924. It was written in English. The original is part of the British Library: India Office The department of the British Government to which the Government of India reported between 1858 and 1947. The successor to the Court of Directors. Records and Private Papers Documents collected in a private capacity. .

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a petition to Busliire to His Excellency the Political Resident A senior ranking political representative (equivalent to a Consul General) from the diplomatic corps of the Government of India or one of its subordinate provincial governments, in charge of a Political Residency. . We have not vet
heard any result, which will pacify our apprehensions and the oppression and
tyranny of the rulers increases. Although the whole family of al Khalifeh oppres-
sions, yet they are not all alike. Before affairs were in the hands of Shaik Abdulla
oppression was rife, but when he came to conduct affairs officially, tyrannv was
practised to such an extent that matters affecting our honour were not safe (implies
that womenkind were not safe) and he even took girls from their houses by force
and her father and mother from fear could not speak.
Now Shaik Abdulla is officially not conducting affairs, but behind the scenes
he continues with his former power, and more and does not relax his efforts. The
reason for this is that Shaik Esa, his father, and his mother like him and assist him
m what he wants to do, and Shaik Esa is to-day no more than a ring on Abdulla's
tmger. He helps him in whatever he wants. We beg Your Excellency to
deliver us from the tyranny of Shaik Abdulla and other oppression. We be^
vou in the name of the prophet Jesus to deliver us as soon as possible from the
hands of tins tyrant. We have no more patience to endure. You are responsible
to (jrod, for jour welfare.
Signed by 64 persons representing
Bahraini population.
Serial No. 12.
No. 13G-S., dated Bushire, the 10th (received the 28th) February 1922.
Endorsed by the Under Secretary to the Political Resident A senior ranking political representative (equivalent to a Consul General) from the diplomatic corps of the Government of India or one of its subordinate provincial governments, in charge of a Political Residency. in the Persian Gulf The historical term used to describe the body of water between the Arabian Peninsula and Iran. .
Forwarded to the Government of India in the Foreign and Political Depart
ment, for information, in continuation of this office letter, No. 99-S., dated the 27th,
January 1922.
Memorandum No. 30-C., dated the 7th February 1922, from the Political A^ent, Bahrain
to the Hon hie the Political Resident A senior ranking political representative (equivalent to a Consul General) from the diplomatic corps of the Government of India or one of its subordinate provincial governments, in charge of a Political Residency. in the Persian Gulf The historical term used to describe the body of water between the Arabian Peninsula and Iran. , Bushire, with enclosure.
Enclosure No. 1 to Serial No. 12.
Memorandum No. 30 -C., dated the 7th February 1922, from the Political Agent A mid-ranking political representative (equivalent to a Consul) from the diplomatic corps of the Government of India or one of its subordinate provincial governments, in charge of a Political Agency. , Bahrain,
to the Hon'ble the Political Resident A senior ranking political representative (equivalent to a Consul General) from the diplomatic corps of the Government of India or one of its subordinate provincial governments, in charge of a Political Residency. in the Persian Gulf The historical term used to describe the body of water between the Arabian Peninsula and Iran. , Bushire.
I beg to report that a few days back I visited Shaik Esa in Muharraq. He
appeared to be very anxious to effect an improvement in the relation between
bhaik Abdulla and myself.
I him every encouragement and said that Abdulla well knew that if
ne mended his ways, I should not let his past affect our friendly telations in any
way.
Abdulla professed that he would do everything possible to please Hamad
and myself, but he was so loud in his assertions that he had neveridone anything
wrong nor been guilty of any oppression, that little reliance can be placed in him.
He has made similar announcements several times before and failed to act up to
his avowed intentions.
following day Shaik Hamad told me that the night before the interview
he had been sent for by Abdulla and Shaik Esa and asked to admit in mv
presence, that he was very pleased with Abdulla's behaviour. He said that to
refuse meant an open quarrel and as a matter of policy he agreed to do his best to
appear pleased. Shaik Hamad said that he is doubtful of Abdulla's intentions,
and is anxious that Government should know the situation, and in the event of
future trouble not accuse him of double-dealings. He therefore handed me a letter
wmch he begged me to keep private, as its exposure would mean much trouble
for him m the family, but which he asked me to shew you. I attach a trans
lation. The original is filed here.
\

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Content

The volume contains printed copies of Government of India confidential correspondence, relating to the Bahrain reforms. The majority of the letters contained in volume are printed copies of correspondence originally sent to the Government of India either by the Political Resident A senior ranking political representative (equivalent to a Consul General) from the diplomatic corps of the Government of India or one of its subordinate provincial governments, in charge of a Political Residency. in the Persian Gulf The historical term used to describe the body of water between the Arabian Peninsula and Iran. (Lieutenant-Colonel Arthur Trevor or Acting Resident Lieutenant-Colonel Stuart Knox), or the Political Agent A mid-ranking political representative (equivalent to a Consul) from the diplomatic corps of the Government of India or one of its subordinate provincial governments, in charge of a Political Agency. at Bahrain (Major Clive Daly). Much of the correspondence featured in the volume can be found in the original (or as office copies) in a number of files in the two Bahrain Agency An office of the East India Company and, later, of the British Raj, headed by an agent. subsubseries ‘File 9 Bahrain Reforms’ (IOR/R/15/2/127-138) and ‘File 8 Miscellaneous’ (IOR/R/15/2/121-126), and the Bushire Residency An office of the East India Company and, later, of the British Raj, established in the provinces and regions considered part of, or under the influence of, British India. subsubseries ‘File 19 Bahrain’ (IOR/R/15/1/314-77).

The printed correspondence contained in the volume covers a range of subjects:

  • Events leading up to the programme of reforms carried out in Bahrain: allegations of the oppression of Bahraini subjects by members of the Āl Khalīfah family, violence, the deteriorating economic situation;
  • The reforms proposed and implemented by British officials: replacement of Shaikh ‘Īsá by Shaikh Ḥamad as defacto ruler, economic reforms, judicial reforms, pearl diving industry reforms, customs house reforms;
  • Specific incidents of violence involving Sunnis and Shias, or Najdis and Persians.

Some of the papers in the volume are accompanied by duplicate copies:

  • Folios 61-64 are duplicates of folios 57-60;
  • Folios 68-69 are duplicates of folios 66-67;
  • Folios 81-84 are duplicates of folios 77-80.
Extent and format
1 volume (98 folios)
Arrangement

The volume's contents are arranged in approximate chronological order, starting with the earliest items at the front and finishing with the latest items at the end.

Physical characteristics

Foliation: The volume is foliated from the front cover to the inside back cover, using uncircled pencil numbers in the top-right corner of each recto The front of a sheet of paper or leaf, often abbreviated to 'r'. . Most of the items in the volume are printed items that have their own internal pagination systems, using printed numbers in the top-right corners of recto The front of a sheet of paper or leaf, often abbreviated to 'r'. pages and the top-left corners of verso The back of a sheet of paper or leaf, often abbreviated to 'v'. pages, or centred at the top of both verso The back of a sheet of paper or leaf, often abbreviated to 'v'. and recto The front of a sheet of paper or leaf, often abbreviated to 'r'. pages. The following foliation anomalies occur: 1a, 1b, 1c, 1d, 1e, 1f.

Written in
English in Latin script
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'File 9/4 Bahrain Reforms. Introduction of Reforms in Bahrain' [‎8r] (32/224), British Library: India Office Records and Private Papers, IOR/R/15/2/131, in Qatar Digital Library <https://www.qdl.qa/archive/81055/vdc_100023403812.0x000021> [accessed 19 April 2024]

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