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'File 9/4 Bahrain Reforms. Introduction of Reforms in Bahrain' [68r] (152/224)
The record is made up of 1 volume (98 folios). It was created in 30 Dec 1921-27 Jul 1924. It was written in English. The original is part of the British Library: India Office The department of the British Government to which the Government of India reported between 1858 and 1947. The successor to the Court of Directors. Records and Private Papers Documents collected in a private capacity. .
Transcription
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L etter from the HW ble L ietjtenant- C olonel A. P. T revor, C.8.I.,
C.I.E., P olitical R esident in the P ersian G ulf, N o. 89-S., dated
B ushire, the 2 nd (received 11 th) F ebruary 1924 (C onpidential).
S ubject.— Sunni and Shiah troubles in Bahrein.
In continuation and in amplification of my telegram No. 166, dated
SOth January 1924, I have the honour to submit, for the information of the
GoTernment of India, the followiiig report on the recent outrage by Sunni
tribesmen, at the instigation of members of the A1 Khalifa family, against the
Shiah Baharnah population at Sitrah.
2. In my letter No. 56-S., dated 17th January, T reported the matter up
to the time when Sheikh Hamad returned to Bahrein, declared he would do
■whatever Government ordered, and arrested three or four men who were not
the ringleaders in the outrage. As mentioned in my telegram No. 88, dated
15th January, I had been waiting for an opportunity to go to Bahrein since
the iSth January, but for various reasons connected in the main with the
lighting and buoying arrangements which it is unnecessary to detail, the
" Lawrence" was not available. However, directly after the receipt of
Government of India telegram, No. 195, dated 21st January, I telegraphed
to the Comrrander of H. M. S. <£ Crocus ", the only one of His Majesty's
ships in the Gulf at the moment, and he kindly consented to take me over.
3. I arrived at Bahrein about midday of the 25th January, and I landed
and went to the
Agency
An office of the East India Company and, later, of the British Raj, headed by an agent.
to devise some arrangement by which Sheikh Hamad,
who was naturally very nervous of running contrary to the views of the entire
Khalifa family, could be brought up to the scratch. This was duly arranged
and it was decided to call Sheikh Hamad, who had gone to his country house
at Saghair, to visit me at the
Agency
An office of the East India Company and, later, of the British Raj, headed by an agent.
at 10 a. m . on 26th January and bring
his uncle, Sheikh Khalid, who was living at Rifa, a few miles from Saghair,
with him. This was done.
4. The next morning the news of my arrival having been noised abroad
among the Baharnah, the latter began dropping into the
Agency
An office of the East India Company and, later, of the British Raj, headed by an agent.
by twos and
threes from an early hour. By 9 o'clock the whole place, inner courtyar-
inside the house, compound and every available open space withm sight was
swarming with Baharnah who all started shouting "Justice and other words
to the same effect— shouting perhaps is too strong a word : groaning or
moaning the words might be more suitable. Sheikh Hamad did not arrive
till about 11 owing partly to difficulty m getting Sheikh Ahahd to come a
partly to the bad state of the road due to extraordinarily heavy rams which
have fallen this cold weather over the North-Western end of the G^fT v
groaning and moaning of the Baharnah went on continuously till Sheikh
Hamad's arrival and at very frequent intervals after ^ ^
after Sheikh Hamad's departure, when the Baharnah were with diliicuity
persuaded to leave the A gency. They had evidently de ? lded to have a day out
and most of the shops were closed while the demonstration was gomg om It
may be mentioned here that the result of the support which we have given to
the Baharnah during
Ltrhav» afew yea. ago than fly over the .oon
5, Sheikh Hamad, as mentioned ahovc, arrived about ^
Agent and I had a ^^hy^ntervi^w wi ™' the a£Eair an( j assum i n g a
had been sent specially by ^Tn4ntions of Government in regard to
mysterious air on the subject oi the i^ten , Hamad who agreed that
the ease we were able to^horoi^Wy frig ^ ^ ri leader8 who had
he would try the men he had a ™® illflict gevere and deterrent
absconded m absenha, a ^^ n lf Ibrahit f an d the other son of Sheikh
punishments. In regard to Sheikh lb a • . OY .|. /xvLinh except for the
Khalid, he agreed to inflict a their allowances would be
confiscation of their property and the resu p
About this item
- Content
The volume contains printed copies of Government of India confidential correspondence, relating to the Bahrain reforms. The majority of the letters contained in volume are printed copies of correspondence originally sent to the Government of India either by the Political Resident A senior ranking political representative (equivalent to a Consul General) from the diplomatic corps of the Government of India or one of its subordinate provincial governments, in charge of a Political Residency. in the Persian Gulf The historical term used to describe the body of water between the Arabian Peninsula and Iran. (Lieutenant-Colonel Arthur Trevor or Acting Resident Lieutenant-Colonel Stuart Knox), or the Political Agent A mid-ranking political representative (equivalent to a Consul) from the diplomatic corps of the Government of India or one of its subordinate provincial governments, in charge of a Political Agency. at Bahrain (Major Clive Daly). Much of the correspondence featured in the volume can be found in the original (or as office copies) in a number of files in the two Bahrain Agency An office of the East India Company and, later, of the British Raj, headed by an agent. subsubseries ‘File 9 Bahrain Reforms’ (IOR/R/15/2/127-138) and ‘File 8 Miscellaneous’ (IOR/R/15/2/121-126), and the Bushire Residency An office of the East India Company and, later, of the British Raj, established in the provinces and regions considered part of, or under the influence of, British India. subsubseries ‘File 19 Bahrain’ (IOR/R/15/1/314-77).
The printed correspondence contained in the volume covers a range of subjects:
- Events leading up to the programme of reforms carried out in Bahrain: allegations of the oppression of Bahraini subjects by members of the Āl Khalīfah family, violence, the deteriorating economic situation;
- The reforms proposed and implemented by British officials: replacement of Shaikh ‘Īsá by Shaikh Ḥamad as defacto ruler, economic reforms, judicial reforms, pearl diving industry reforms, customs house reforms;
- Specific incidents of violence involving Sunnis and Shias, or Najdis and Persians.
Some of the papers in the volume are accompanied by duplicate copies:
- Folios 61-64 are duplicates of folios 57-60;
- Folios 68-69 are duplicates of folios 66-67;
- Folios 81-84 are duplicates of folios 77-80.
- Extent and format
- 1 volume (98 folios)
- Arrangement
The volume's contents are arranged in approximate chronological order, starting with the earliest items at the front and finishing with the latest items at the end.
- Physical characteristics
Foliation: The volume is foliated from the front cover to the inside back cover, using uncircled pencil numbers in the top-right corner of each recto The front of a sheet of paper or leaf, often abbreviated to 'r'. . Most of the items in the volume are printed items that have their own internal pagination systems, using printed numbers in the top-right corners of recto The front of a sheet of paper or leaf, often abbreviated to 'r'. pages and the top-left corners of verso The back of a sheet of paper or leaf, often abbreviated to 'v'. pages, or centred at the top of both verso The back of a sheet of paper or leaf, often abbreviated to 'v'. and recto The front of a sheet of paper or leaf, often abbreviated to 'r'. pages. The following foliation anomalies occur: 1a, 1b, 1c, 1d, 1e, 1f.
- Written in
- English in Latin script View the complete information for this record
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'File 9/4 Bahrain Reforms. Introduction of Reforms in Bahrain' [68r] (152/224), British Library: India Office Records and Private Papers, IOR/R/15/2/131, in Qatar Digital Library <https://www.qdl.qa/archive/81055/vdc_100023403812.0x000099> [accessed 23 April 2024]
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- Reference
- IOR/R/15/2/131
- Title
- 'File 9/4 Bahrain Reforms. Introduction of Reforms in Bahrain'
- Pages
- front, back, spine, edge, head, tail, front-i, 1ar:1fv, 2r:15r, 17v:18v, 21r:42v, 44v:46v, 47v:71v, 73r:74v, 75v:79r, 80v:83r, 84v:91r, 92v:93r, 94v:103v, back-i
- Author
- East India Company, the Board of Control, the India Office, or other British Government Department
- Usage terms
- Open Government Licence