‘The Oriental geography of Ebn Haukal, an Arabian traveller of the tenth century’ [‎191] (244/388)

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^ '• these j
e Khacan is
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the extreme ci
two thousand e
the other next tli
)zr is the sm
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rht in summer.
( iei )
Of the (j*jj Rous, there are three races or tribes: one near
Bulgar; their king dwells in a town called ^ AjjS * : this is larger
than Bulgar. Another race is called ^jUj! Orthani or Ar-
thai; their king resides in a place called Uj! Artha: but the
other tribe, cdlXed. Jellaheh, is superior to those; but no
one goes for the purposes of traffick farther than Bulgar. No one
goes to Ujl Artha, because that there they put to death any
stranger whom they find. Artha produces lead and tin, and the
animal called (oL^wj^. v ^) Black Martin or Scythian Sable. The
Russes burn their dead; and it is an established rule amongst
them not to shave one another's beards. Bulgar is next to Roum.
It is a powerful and numerous people, for the greater part
Christians.
Of the Roads and Stages of Khozr.
F rom Abisgoun to the borders of Khozr, three hun
dred farsang; from Abisgoun to Dehestan, about six
merhileh; and, when the wind blows fair, one goes on latitudi-
na iiy(kj^ in the sea to Derbend; from Aniol to
Sutemder is eight days journey, or Sumteder, or
* Gounaiehor Gounabeh. No point under the last syllable, or over.