'File 19/191 III (C 56) Bahrain, Persian Claim To' [104r] (226/396)
The record is made up of 1 volume (184 folios). It was created in 26 Jan 1932-24 Jan 1935. It was written in English and French. The original is part of the British Library: India Office The department of the British Government to which the Government of India reported between 1858 and 1947. The successor to the Court of Directors. Records and Private Papers Documents collected in a private capacity. .
Transcription
This transcription is created automatically. It may contain errors.
19
simultaneously. On the 27th Februarv 1861 the Political
flv ™Th r t ep r f ^ at " ? he J Pers:an Turkish flags still
fly on t..e forts of the island and m an interview that Com
mander Cruttenden had with Sheikh Md. bin Khalifah at his
tW q - U 6 Chl ® f) re marked in respect to them
WL t fvi T 61-6 disiplajed'merely to suit his own fancy.
What did he care for Turk or Persian? He valued the
niendship of the British Grovernment highly.' "
British Convention of 31st May 1861 with the Sheikh.
^ Ma n y - t 1 ^ e Sheikh, refusing to discontinue
a blockade which he had imposed on the Wahahi coast,
was informed by the Resident of the decision of Her p 0 i R . es
Majesty s Government that he was regarded as an indepen- to'Sheikh,
dent Ohief and that m these circumstances he must be held 25.5.1861,
responsible by them for any piratical activities in which
he might indulge. The Sheikh proved obdurate; he was
threatened with forcible measures by the Resident and two
or his ships were seized. He accordingly submitted, and on
31st May 1861 he signed a Friendly Convention with the
Resident, acting on behalf of EJer Majesty's Government, by
which he entered into a "perpetual treaty of peace and
friendship " with Great Britain, and in which, as " indepen
dent ruler of Bahrein," he acknowledged as valid and in
force the earlier conventions entered into between Bahrein
and Her Majesty's Government, and undertook in return
for a guarantee of protection against aggressions " by the
Chiefs and Iribes of the Gulf " to abstain from maritime
aggression, piracy, the slave trade, &c., and to agree to Aitchison,
certain conditions in regard to residence and trade in Vol. xr, '
Bahrein by British subjects and to jurisdiction over them. No. x, 234.
One of the ships seized from him was thereupon returned;
the second, the Hamrah, was retained.
71. The Turkish and Persian agents would seem to have p 0 i. Res. to
disappeared from Bahrein before the Resident's arrival. The Teh., No. 20,
Persian authorities at Bushire in June 1861 asked the 8-6.1861.
Resident for an explanation of his proceedings. The Resident,
however, contented himself with forwarding their enquiry to
Her Majesty's Minister at Tehran. The Convention was
approved by the Government of India in 1861, and the
Turkish and Persian Governments were informed of what
had happened.
Summary, 1850-61.
72. The Turkish Government were informed in 1851
that Her Majesty's Government could not recognise any
claim on their part to Bahrein.
The Sheikhs appear to have continued to pay tribute to
the Wahabi Amir in the early part of and possibly through
out this period.
In 1859 the Sheikh appealed simultaneously to Turkey
and to Persia, as the result of apprehensions of a Wahabi
attack, and received a Persian envoy, who hoisted the
Persian flag. On the arrival immediately afterwards of the
Turkish envoy the Persian flag was hauled down. Sub
sequently the Sheikh for a time flew both flags side by side.
The envoys seem to have left Bahrein in the early part
of 1861. No action was taken by the British authorities
pending a decision by Her Majesty's Government as _ to
whether they regarded Bahrein as independent. The Persian
Government undertook not to endeavour to occupy the islands
until the title to them was settled.
Her Majesty's Government decided in February 1861 to
regard the Sheikh as an independent ^ ruler and so hold
him responsible for piracies, &c. Punitive action against
him by Her Majesty's Government having proved necessary
in May 1861, he entered in that month into a convention
with them in which he was described as "independent ruler
of Bahrein," and secured certain guarantees of protection.
About this item
- Content
This file contains correspondence between British officials in Bahrain, Bushire, India and London regarding Persian goverment's claim of sovereignty over the territory of Bahrain. The impact of the discovery of oil deposits in Bahrain is discussed as is the broader international reaction to the claim. The file contains translations of several articles published in the Persian press on the topic and a translation of an article that appeared in a Dutch newspaper.
A detailed Historical Memorandum of Bahrain compiled by the India Office The department of the British Government to which the Government of India reported between 1858 and 1947. The successor to the Court of Directors. is contained on ff. 94-118. The memorandum contains a history of Bahrain from the pre-1783 era until 1934 and includes details of the British role in the country, the numerous treaties signed by the Al Khalifa family with the British and a discussion of Turkish (Ottoman) and Persian claims to the territory.
- Extent and format
- 1 volume (184 folios)
- Arrangement
File is arranged in chronological order, from earliest at beginning of the file to most recent at end.
- Physical characteristics
A bound correspondence volume. Foliation starts on the first letter page (4th folio in the volume) and finishes on the last letter page (5 folios from end of volume). Pencil number in top right corner of recto The front of a sheet of paper or leaf, often abbreviated to 'r'. . From f 90, an inconsistent pagination system begins. Only pages with typescript are paginated. When both sides have typescript, pagination numbers are found only on even-numbered pages. There are two foliation errors: between f 14 and f 16 we have f 15A and f 15 B; between f 68 and f 70 we have f 69A and f 69B.
- Written in
- English and French in Latin script View the complete information for this record
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Copyright: How to use this content
- Reference
- IOR/R/15/1/358
- Title
- 'File 19/191 III (C 56) Bahrain, Persian Claim To'
- Pages
- front, back, spine, edge, head, tail, front-i, i-r:iv-v, 1r:14v, 15ar:15bv, 16r:68v, 69ar:69bv, 70r:184v, v-r:viii-v, back-i
- Author
- East India Company, the Board of Control, the India Office, or other British Government Department
- Usage terms
- Open Government Licence