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'Koweit, 1908-1928' [‎14] (10/14)

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The record is made up of 1 file (7 folios). It was created in 1 Oct 1928. It was written in English. The original is part of the British Library: India Office The department of the British Government to which the Government of India reported between 1858 and 1947. The successor to the Court of Directors. Records and Private Papers Documents collected in a private capacity. .

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P. 1004/24.
P. 1276/24.
Tel. from Pol. lies, to C.O.,
17, Feb. 13 1928, P. 737.
+ P. 3336/24, P. 1668/25,
P. 2383/25.
P. 5729/27.
P. 534/28.
P. 1341 /28.
10
Sheikh Ahmed evinced the least desire to have the dispute settled , neithei
partv raised the question at the Kovveit conference in the same year, and
though in October 192b the Sheikh of: Koweit was stated by the Political
Agent, Koweit, to be thinking of paying Ibn Sand a visit, the real object oi
which would be to induce him to remove the trade prohibitions, and though
in February 1928 the Political Resident A senior ranking political representative (equivalent to a Consul General) from the diplomatic corps of the Government of India or one of its subordinate provincial governments, in charge of a Political Residency. reported that the effect of the
embargo was to
create stagnation in Koweit trade, the commercial
prosperity of Koweit depending
in the matter since that date.
on Nejd, there has been no development
(c)
** Tel. from Pol. Res. to
C.O. Aug. 5 1928, P. 4423.
The Akhwan Menace.
40. Akhwan raids on Koweit had taken place in 1924 and 1925,J but on
an inconsiderable scale. The Akhwan raids on Iraq by Feisal-al-Dawish and
the Mutair tribe at the end of 1927 had, however, more important reactions
on the Principality.§ At the request of the Sheikh His Majesty s
Government agreed to aerial reconnaissance over his territory ; and, with
his concurrence, it was later decided to withdraw the restrictions
origin all v imposed by H^s Majesty’s Government on bombing in pursuit
of raiders within Koweit territory. An Akhwan raid was successfully
dealt with by Koweit forces at El Riqai on 27th January 1928,|| and whilst
retiring into Nejd was pursued and successfully attacked by the Royal Air
Force on two following days. A further raid occurred late in February,
which was not opposed by ground forces, but was again successfully pursued
by the Royal Air Force for two days. In view of the possibility of further
serious developments, and of the recognised liability of His Majesty’s Govern
ment under existing engagements for the “protection of Koweit” (a phrase
the exact scope of which is open to argument^), further defence measures
were now taken. A temporary air base (political objections to a permanent
station being regarded as conclusive, cp. para. 47 below), was established
in Koweit: \i flight of aeroplanes and a detachment of armoured cars were
despatched to the town for its protection : three vessels of the Persian Gulf The historical term used to describe the body of water between the Arabian Peninsula and Iran.
squadron (later reduced to one) were stationed off Koweit itself, and a
landing party disembarked and remained on shore until the crisis had
passed. All action taken was taken with the concurrence of the Sheikh,
who was, in addition, allowed to purchase from the Government of India a
small supply of machine guns and Lewis guns. After some discussion
His Majesty’s Government and the Government of India agreed that
His Excellency might be allowed to purchase armoured motor cars, on
the understanding that they would be used only for defence, and would not
cross the borders of Koweit in repelling raids save with the concurrence of
the Political Agent A mid-ranking political representative (equivalent to a Consul) from the diplomatic corps of the Government of India or one of its subordinate provincial governments, in charge of a Political Agency. . The crisis, however, passed off without incident, and
the special forces which had been despatched to Koweit were withdrawn
during the late spring. For financial reasons the Sheikh abandoned the
idea of purchasing armoured cars.' ::: " :;: ‘
41. Consequent on the breakdown of the negotiations with Ibn Sand in
the summer of 1928. and the possible danger of a revival of Akhwan activity
on the Iraq-Nejd border, the question of granting discretion to the Air
Officer Commanding, Iraq, to carry out reconnaissances by air or car over
Koweit territory was raised by the Air Ministry.
42. The “ very obvious and grave political objection ” to air recon
naissance over Koweit was emphasised by Sir Gilbert Clayton. After
considerable discussion between the Departments concerned, the Air Officer
Commanding was finally authorised to carry out occasional reconnaissances
both by air and car, at his discretion, on the understanding that the
concurrence of the Sheikh should be obtained, through the Political
Resident ; that reconnaissance should be carried out as infrequently and
in as unprovocative a manner as possible; that the Sheikh should be given
“no grounds for supposing that the Royal Air Force have assumed
responsibilify for the defence of Koweit or that he himself has been
relieved of his obligations in this respect ”; that save in qase of real
emergency reconnaissance should not be carried out within 25 miles of
the Nejd-Koweit frontier nor in the immediate vicinity of the Nejd-Iraq

About this item

Content

Document outlining the administration and history of Koweit [Kuwait] from 1908-1928.

Covering:

  • 'Administration' – rulers succession history; Koweit's status as an independent Arab state; internal administration conducted by the Shaikh and Council of Advisors; control by the Government of India; and the responsibility for expenditure;
  • 'History of Koweit Affairs, 1908-28' – including the rights of the Shaikh over the islands of Bubiyan and Warba; oil concessions; Anglo-Turkish negotiations of 1911-14; co-operation during the First World War; relations with Ibn Saud [‘Abd al-‘Azīz bin ‘Abd al-Raḥmān bin Fayṣal Āl Sa‘ūd], ruler succession; and difficulties with the maintenance of a blockade;
  • 'History of Koweit Affairs, 1919-28' – including the status of Koweit; Koweit Order in Council A regulation issued by the sovereign of the United Kingdom on the advice of the Privy Council. providing for British jurisdictions within the Principality; termination of the lease of Bunder Shweikh [Bandar Shawaykh], oil concessions, relations with Ibn Saud regarding the Koweit-Nejd-Iraq boundary question, the Koweit-Nejd Customs dispute, and Akhwan [Ikhwan] raids; relations with Iraq regarding the exemption from taxation of the date gardens in Iraq belonging to the Shaikh of Koweit, the position of Koweit vis-à-vis Iraq, and relations with Persia.

It also includes a summary and a list of points referred to the Persian Gulf The historical term used to describe the body of water between the Arabian Peninsula and Iran. Sub-Committee. Written by John Gilbert Laithwaite of the India Office The department of the British Government to which the Government of India reported between 1858 and 1947. The successor to the Court of Directors. .

Extent and format
1 file (7 folios)
Arrangement

This file consists of a single document.

Physical characteristics

Foliation: the foliation sequence for this description commences at f 10, and terminates at f 16, as it is part of a larger physical volume; these numbers are written in pencil, and are located in the top right corner of the recto The front of a sheet of paper or leaf, often abbreviated to 'r'. side of each folio. Pagination: the file also contains an original printed pagination sequence.

Written in
English in Latin script
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'Koweit, 1908-1928' [‎14] (10/14), British Library: India Office Records and Private Papers, IOR/L/PS/18/B395, in Qatar Digital Library <https://www.qdl.qa/archive/81055/vdc_100033308509.0x00000b> [accessed 29 March 2024]

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