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File 2182/1913 Pt 6 'Arabia Relations with Bin Saud' [198r] (403/547)
The record is made up of 1 volume (270 folios). It was created in 3 Dec 1916-30 Dec 1917. It was written in English and French. The original is part of the British Library: India Office The department of the British Government to which the Government of India reported between 1858 and 1947. The successor to the Court of Directors. Records and Private Papers Documents collected in a private capacity. .
Transcription
This transcription is created automatically. It may contain errors.
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He himself believed that the revolt was instigated by the Turks and Ibn
Rashid, hut it is doubtful whether his view was correct. Mubarak of
Kuwait was convinced that there was no evidence to support it, but Mubarak,
during the last few years of his reign, was not a lenient critic of Ibn Sa’ud’s
difficulties.
10. His opinion is so far borne out that the troubles with the ’Ajman seem
to have begun with the occupation of the Hasa by the Amir in 1913. Up to
that time the tribe had been on good terms with him and had generally
recognised him as suzerain, but the extension of his direct authority to . the
Hasa, which is their headquarters, had strained their allegiance. He
attempted to impose a poll tax upon them and stopped them from taking
dues from caravans passing through the country, a toll which they had been
accustomed to exact in the days of the Turks. The discontent of the
’Ajman was fanned by members of Ibn Sa’ud’s family who had long been at
enmity with him—the ’Araif, grandsons of his uncle Sa’ud. Two of the
’Araif cousins, Fahad Ibn Sa’ud and Salman Ibn Muhammad, had taken refuge
with the Shaikh of Bahrein. The Shaikh made a half-hearted attempt to.
patch up a reconciliation in 1914, but the ’Araif refused his mediation and
sought the protection of the Shaikh of Abu Dhabi, from whom they received
some countenance when hostilities were renewed with Ibn Sa’ud in 1915.
The rebellion now assumed serious proportions. Ibn Sa’ud sent for more
troops from Riyadh and asked help from Kuwait, but before the arrival of
either reinforcement he attacked the ’Ajman by night near Hofuf and met
with a reverse, due partly to the cowardice of the Hofuf town levies. His
brother Sa’ud was killed and he himself wounded. For a time his fortunes
were at a very low ebb. He was in want of money and arms, and for all
practical purposes was besieged in Hofuf. Ibn Rashid, oblivious of the
agreement recently signed, seized the opportunity to raid the Qasim, but
his advance was easily stopped, and the arrival of a force from Kuwait
under the Shaikh’s son, Salim, turned the balance in the Hasa. The ’Ajman
were routed in September, harried on their retreat northwards by the Bani
Khalid, and forced to take refuge in Kuwait territory, where they remained
until Shaikh Mubarak’s death in December. Fahad Ibn Sa’ud was killed
in the retreat: Salman made his peace with Ibn Sa’ud at the end of the
year. During the struggle we had facilitated the despatch of ammunition
to Ibn Sa’ud from Bahrein, and done what we could to restrain Abn Dhabi.
In October we presented ibn Sa’ud with' 1,000 rifles, and gave him a loan
of 20,000b The Turks had not yet abandoned all hope of winning him
over, and in July, previous to Ibn Rashid’s raid, a Turkish emissary, Salih
al Sharif al Hasni, communicated with him and proposed a meeting ; but
his request was refused, and on 26th December Ibn Sa’ud met Sir Percy
Cox at Qatif, and the long-delayed treaty was completed and signed.
Subject to certain safeguards, it provided Ibn Sa’ud with a dynastic
guarantee in the dominions 'now in his possession, and promised him the
support of Great Britain in case of unprovoked aggression from foreign
Powers. On his side, Ibn Sa’ud engaged to hold no correspondence with
any foreign Power, and to^rant no concessions to foreigners ; to keep open
the roads to the Holy Places, and to commit no aggressive act on other
Shaikhs under our protection.
11. Ibn Sa’ud was unaware of the exceedingly confidential correspondence
which we had been carrying on with the Sharif during the winter of 1915-16,
but the results to which it led could not leave him indifferent. Relations
between the Hijaz and Najd had been dictated by conflicting sentiments.
The Sharif had even more reason than Ibn Sa’ud to fear the Turks, but he
was jealous- of Ibn Sa’ud’s position as an Arab Chief, and the feeling was
reciprocated in Riyadh. The fluctuating allegiance of the tribes is a rich
source of discord in Arabia, and the absence of any defined frontiers
enhances the uncertainty of claims and obligations. In 1910 the Sharif
’Abdullah, asserting that he acted on behalf of the Ottoman Government,
marched to the borders of the Qasim for the purpose of reasserting an
authority which was probably a thing of the past and must at the best have
been shadowy. The tangible results of the raid do not seem to have been
SI 15
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About this item
- Content
This volume contains part 6 of the subject 'Persia Gulf'. It concerns British relations with Bin Saud [‘Abd al-‘Azīz bin ‘Abd al-Raḥmān bin Fayṣal Āl Sa‘ūd]. Much of the volume's correspondence discusses whether the British should offer Bin Saud inducements (in the form of money, titles, arms or personnel) to take action against both Shaikh Saud bin Abdul Aziz bin Rashid, Amir of Hail [Saʿūd bin ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz Āl Rashīd, Emir of Ha'il, also referred to by the British as Bin Rashid and Ibn Rashid] and the Turks. The volume includes the following:
- a copy of an article on Bin Saud by Gertrude Bell;
- copies of translations of correspondence between Bin Saud and Bin Rashid, and a copy of a translation of an agreement between the two men, dated 10 June 1915, in which they agree to respect each other's territories;
- a note entitled 'Relations With Ibn Sa'ud', prepared by the Arab Bureau's Iraq section, which provides a British perspective on Britain's relations with Bin Saud from 1899 onwards;
- copies of reports sent to the Political Resident A senior ranking political representative (equivalent to a Consul General) from the diplomatic corps of the Government of India or one of its subordinate provincial governments, in charge of a Political Residency. in the Persian Gulf The historical term used to describe the body of water between the Arabian Peninsula and Iran. in January 1915 from the late Captain William Henry Irvine Shakespear, regarding his meetings with Bin Saud;
- reports of Harry St John Bridger Philby's meetings with Bin Saud in December 1917, as part of a political mission.
The volume features the following principal correspondents:
- Lieutenant-Colonel Sir Percy Zachariah Cox, corresponding both as the Political Resident A senior ranking political representative (equivalent to a Consul General) from the diplomatic corps of the Government of India or one of its subordinate provincial governments, in charge of a Political Residency. in the Persian Gulf The historical term used to describe the body of water between the Arabian Peninsula and Iran. and as the Chief Political Officer, Indian Expeditionary Force D;
- Secretary to the India Office The department of the British Government to which the Government of India reported between 1858 and 1947. The successor to the Court of Directors. 's Political Department (Sir Arthur Hirtzel, succeeded by John Evelyn Shuckburgh);
- Bin Saud;
- High Commissioner, Egypt (Sir Francis Reginald Wingate);
- Viceroy of India [Frederic John Napier Thesiger];
- Foreign Office.
The volume also contains copies of correspondence between the Political Resident A senior ranking political representative (equivalent to a Consul General) from the diplomatic corps of the Government of India or one of its subordinate provincial governments, in charge of a Political Residency. , Aden (Major General James Marshall Stewart) and both Saiyid Mohamed bin Ali bin Idris, the Idrisi [Sayyid Muḥammad bin ‘Alī Āl al-Idrīsi] and Imam Mahomed Yahya bin Hamid-ul-Din [Yaḥyā Muḥammad Ḥamīd al-Dīn].
The part includes a divider that gives the subject and part number, the year the subject file was opened, the subject heading, and a list of correspondence references contained in the part by year. This is placed at the back of the correspondence.
- Extent and format
- 1 volume (270 folios)
- Arrangement
The papers are arranged in approximate chronological order from the rear to the front of the volume.
The subject 2182 (Persia Gulf) consists of 8 volumes: IOR/L/PS/10/384-391. The volumes are divided into 12 parts with part 1 comprising the first volume, part 2 comprising the second volume, part 3 comprising the third volume, parts 4-5 comprising the fourth volume, part 6 comprising the fifth volume, parts 7-8 comprising the sixth volume, parts 9-10 comprising the seventh volume, and parts 11-12 comprising the eighth volume.
- Physical characteristics
Foliation: the foliation sequence commences at the first folio with 1 and terminates at the last folio with 269; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto The front of a sheet of paper or leaf, often abbreviated to 'r'. side of each folio.
The foliation sequence does not include the front and back covers, nor does it include the one leading flyleaf.
- Written in
- English and French in Latin script View the complete information for this record
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File 2182/1913 Pt 6 'Arabia Relations with Bin Saud' [198r] (403/547), British Library: India Office Records and Private Papers, IOR/L/PS/10/388, in Qatar Digital Library <https://www.qdl.qa/archive/81055/vdc_100035784057.0x000004> [accessed 24 April 2024]
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Copyright: How to use this content
- Reference
- IOR/L/PS/10/388
- Title
- File 2182/1913 Pt 6 'Arabia Relations with Bin Saud'
- Pages
- front, back, spine, edge, head, tail, front-i, i-r:i-v, 1r:187r, 188r:226v, 228r:268v, ii-r:ii-v, back-i
- Author
- East India Company, the Board of Control, the India Office, or other British Government Department
- Usage terms
- Open Government Licence