'Field notes: Mesopotamia. General Staff, India. February, 1917.' [‎9r] (24/350)

Muhammad ’Ali from Egypt, acting under instructions from the
Porte, undertook a successful expedition against the Wahabi
power. His garrisons remained there until 1831, when they were
driven from the country.
The next incident occurred in 1871, when, as already related.
Midhat Pasha An Ottoman title used after the names of certain provincial governors, high-ranking officials and military commanders. , the Wali of Baghdad, supported one of the claim
ants to the Amirate, and obtained possession of the province
of A1 Hasa, which at that time belonged to the Wahabi power.
Recent History and present Politics.
All Najd acknowledges at present the Sa’ud dynasty of Riyadh
in Aridh. Its jurisdiction is enforced directly by accredited
representatives in Aridh, Sadair, and probably "Kharj, and also
in parts of Aflaj, Washm, Qasim (e.g., Bureida) and probably
Kharik: indirectly in the other parts of these latter districts,
in the towns of Aneiza and Majma, and probably in Salaiyil
and Dauasir. Each town has its Amir or governor and its
mejliss or council, but only in Aneiza of Qasim have we heard
of the council having much power. Hereditary Amirs are not
uncommon even in directly administered districts, and they
seem to be the rule in the outlying quarters of the south, where,
as in parts of Washm also, the settlements are free except for
a tributary obligation.
The present power of Riyadh suffered eclipse at the hands of
the Shammar Amirs of Hail from the middle of the eighties of
last century until 1902, the representatives of the Sa’ud family
being reduced after 1891 to puppets, while Rashidite governors
took charge of all the important settlements in Qasim, Sadair,
Aridh, and Washm. This state of things was terminated by
Abdul Aziz Bin Sa’ud, who had remained in exile at Kuwait
with his father, Abdurrahman, until he heard that his uncle,
the mediatized Amir, had been murdered by Bin Rashid’s orders.
With only about forty followers he appeared in Sadair, raised
part of that district and marched on Aridh, where he had no
difficulty in surprising and removing the Rashidite governor
of Riyadh. His father stood aside and accepted his son as
Amir. Acknowledged by all the southern provinces, Abdul
Aziz marched on Qasim in 1904, and though forced to retire
thence by a Turkish force sent under Ahmad Faizi Pasha An Ottoman title used after the names of certain provincial governors, high-ranking officials and military commanders. to
co-operate with the Amir of Hail, he returned in 1906, and has
held that district to tribute, and partially in direct subjection,