Coll 6/63 'SOUTH EASTERN ARABIA AND QATAR BOUNDARIES.' [330v] (667/756)
The record is made up of 1 volume (374 folios). It was created in 19 Jan 1923-12 Jun 1934. It was written in English and French. The original is part of the British Library: India Office The department of the British Government to which the Government of India reported between 1858 and 1947. The successor to the Court of Directors. Records and Private Papers Documents collected in a private capacity. .
Transcription
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The Barr-al-Qarah District.
18. The importance of this district for the present purpose is first that it embraces
the coastal strip lying between the blue line and the pre-war western extremity of
Qatar, and secondly that it appears to correspond fairly closely* if not exactly, with
the triangle of land lying to the east of the blue line, which falls within the area left
to the west of the rough line indicted to Ibn Sand and Major Holmes by Sir P. Coi
in 1922 (see paragraph 6 above). Mr. Philby, with the assistance of recommendations
and guides furnished by Ibn Jiluwi, the Saudi Governor^of Hasa, travelled through
a portion of it in 1932*. The impression left by his Pmpty Quarter is that the
dominant political influence at the present day are the Saudi Government and. the
Ikhwan. Details of the Barr-al-Qarah district are given in the extract from Lorimer
reproduced as item I (v) in the Appendix to this Dote. As will be seen, Lorimer
considered that it “might perhaps be reckoned as included in the Sanjaq of Hasa 5 '—
in other words, in the pre-war Ottoman Sandjaq of Nejd. On this assumption the
boundaries of Nejd in the 1913 Convention might well have been fixed so as to
include it, with the result that the limits of Nejd would have touched the pre-war
limits of Qatar on the coastline at the head of Dohai-as-Salwa Bay, the hinterland
(actually the Jafurah Desert) being left in indeterminate ownership. For whatever
reason (and it must be assumed that substantial justification was produced to persuade
the Turks to relinquish their position in the Barr-al-Qarah) the line was in fact fixed
farther to the west. But the history of the Barr-al-Qarah, and the fact that the
1913 Convention had never been ratified, may well have been the reasons which led
Sir P. Cox in 1922 to fix the limits of Hasa at a point which included in it the
Barr-al-Qarah rather than at the blue line of the 1913 Convention.
Conclusions.
19. In the light of the examination of the position given above, and subject to the
observations of the Government of India and the
Political Resident
A senior ranking political representative (equivalent to a Consul General) from the diplomatic corps of the Government of India or one of its subordinate provincial governments, in charge of a Political Residency.
, the best course
would appear to be the following :—
(a) Boundaries of Qatar .—To agree that the boundaries of Qatar shall be accepted
as being on the north, east and west, the sea ; on the south, a line running
across the base of the Peninsula from a point not south of the latitude of the
head of Dohat-as-Salwa Bay to a point not south of the north side of the
Ivhor-al-Odeid inlet. The line indicated on the I.P.C. map would satisfy
these criteria, and if it is confirmed that it is the line at present claimed by
the Sheikh of Qatar it could be accepted. A slight modification to bring
the line some 12 miles south to the head of Dohat-as-Salwa Bay, and so to
reduce the area of sea coast in indeterminate ownership, could be considered
if necessary.
(b) The blue line of the 1913 Convention, to be maintained as against Ibn Sand,
for the reasons given in paragraph 11 above, as the eastern boundary of
Saudi Arabia.
(c) If a claim is advanced by Ibn Saud to the Barr-al-Qarah on the ground of the
line indicated by Sir Percy Cox in the Oqair conversations in 1922, referred
to in paragraph 6, that His Majesty’s Government should either—
(i) concede the claim, on the ground, if necessary, that they regarded
themselves as committed by the informal conversations of 1922, but
without prejudice to the maintenance in principle of tho blue line, and in
return for a formal recognition by Ibn Saud of the validity of this line.
The attribution to Ibn Saud of the Barr-al-Qarah area, undesirable as it
may be on other grounds, -would have the advantage of leaving no gap of
indeterminate territory bordering on the sea 1 coast, for we can without
difficulty, as suggested in (a) above, recognise the frontiers of Qatar as
beginning at Dohat-as-Salwa, i.e. at the point at which the Barr-al-Qarah
ends.
(ii) If it was thought preferable to make no concession in respect of
the blue line, then to argue that informal discussions such as those of
1922, which had never been confirmed in writing or been the subject
of formal agreement, had no binding effect, and that His Majesty’s
Government took their stand on the blue line. Play might be made with
the fact that the line drawn by Sir Percy Cox would, in fact, deprive Ibn
Saud of a substantial area lying between Djau-al-Dukhan and the western
side of the blue line.
About this item
- Content
This volume relates to the eastern boundary of Saudi Arabia and the southern boundary of Qatar.
Much of the correspondence discusses the legal and international position of what is referred to as the 'blue line' (the frontier which marked the Ottoman Government's renunciation of its claims to Bahrain and Qatar, as laid down in the non-ratified Anglo-Ottoman Convention of 1913 and redefined and adopted in the Anglo-Ottoman convention of the following year), which is regarded by the British as the eastern boundary of Saudi Arabia, but is disputed by the Saudi Government, mainly on the grounds that it is no longer correct, following various developments during the years since the line was demarcated.
British concerns regarding these boundaries follow a recent oil concession for the Hasa [Al Hasa] region of Saudi Arabia, granted by the Saudi Government to the Standard Oil Company of California, as well as reports of the possibility of the Anglo-Persian Oil Company securing an oil concession in Qatar.
Related matters discussed in the correspondence include the following:
- The British policy regarding the blue line.
- The views of India Office The department of the British Government to which the Government of India reported between 1858 and 1947. The successor to the Court of Directors. and Foreign Office officials, as well as other British officials (most notably Sir Percy Zachariah Cox, former Political Resident A senior ranking political representative (equivalent to a Consul General) from the diplomatic corps of the Government of India or one of its subordinate provincial governments, in charge of a Political Residency. in the Persian Gulf The historical term used to describe the body of water between the Arabian Peninsula and Iran. , and Harold Richard Patrick Dickson, Political Agent A mid-ranking political representative (equivalent to a Consul) from the diplomatic corps of the Government of India or one of its subordinate provincial governments, in charge of a Political Agency. at Kuwait), regarding the demarcation of the southern boundary of Qatar.
- British concerns regarding the land lying between the blue line and the southern boundary of Qatar, as recognised by the Sheikh of Qatar [Shaikh ‘Abdullāh bin Jāsim Āl Thānī].
- A request for a copy of the 1913 Anglo-Ottoman Convention, submitted by the United States Embassy in Angora [Ankara] – reportedly on behalf of the United States' State Department – to its British counterpart, and the wider significance of this request in relation to the United States' oil interests in the region.
- Foreign Office concerns that aerial survey work carried out by the California Arabian Standard Oil Company (Casoc) in relation to its Hasa oil concession might extend beyond the blue line.
The volume features the following principal correspondents: His Majesty's Minister at Jedda (Sir Andrew Ryan); the Political Resident A senior ranking political representative (equivalent to a Consul General) from the diplomatic corps of the Government of India or one of its subordinate provincial governments, in charge of a Political Residency. in the Persian Gulf The historical term used to describe the body of water between the Arabian Peninsula and Iran. (Lieutenant-Colonel Trenchard Craven William Fowle); the Political Agent A mid-ranking political representative (equivalent to a Consul) from the diplomatic corps of the Government of India or one of its subordinate provincial governments, in charge of a Political Agency. , Kuwait (Lieutenant-Colonel Harold Richard Patrick Dickson); the Secretary of State for India (Samuel Hoare); the Foreign Secretary to the Government of India; the Saudi Ministry of Foreign Affairs; officials of the Foreign Office, the India Office The department of the British Government to which the Government of India reported between 1858 and 1947. The successor to the Court of Directors. , the Admiralty, and the Government of India's Foreign and Political Department.
In addition to correspondence, the volume includes extracts from Bahrain political intelligence reports and minutes of meetings of the Committee of Imperial Defence's Standing Official Sub-Committee for Questions Concerning the Middle East, which concern the Qatar boundary.
Whilst the volume contains material dating from 1923 to 1934, the vast majority of the material dates from 1934. The French material consists of a short extract from the aforementioned Anglo-Ottoman Convention of 1913, which is contained in copies of an India Office The department of the British Government to which the Government of India reported between 1858 and 1947. The successor to the Court of Directors. memorandum on the southern boundary of Qatar.
The volume includes two dividers which give a list of correspondence references contained in the volume by year. These are placed at the back of the correspondence (folios 3-4).
- Extent and format
- 1 volume (374 folios)
- Arrangement
The papers are arranged in approximate chronological order from the rear to the front of the volume.
- Physical characteristics
Foliation: the foliation sequence for this description commences at the first folio with 1, and terminates at the last folio with 374; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto The front of a sheet of paper or leaf, often abbreviated to 'r'. side of each folio. The front and back covers have not been foliated.
- Written in
- English and French in Latin script View the complete information for this record
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- Reference
- IOR/L/PS/12/2130
- Title
- Coll 6/63 'SOUTH EASTERN ARABIA AND QATAR BOUNDARIES.'
- Pages
- front, back, spine, edge, head, tail, front-i, 1r:17v, 20r:30v, 32r:56v, 58r:72v, 74r:125v, 129r:259v, 261r:267v, 269r:280v, 282r:285v, 287r:296v, 301r:305v, 307r:326v, 328r:331v, 333r:352v, 356r:356v, 359r:374v, back-i
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- East India Company, the Board of Control, the India Office, or other British Government Department
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