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Coll 6/67(1) 'Boundaries of South-Eastern Arabia and Qatar.' [176r] (356/794)
The record is made up of 1 volume (392 folios). It was created in 13 Jun 1934-13 Dec 1934. It was written in English and Arabic. The original is part of the British Library: India Office The department of the British Government to which the Government of India reported between 1858 and 1947. The successor to the Court of Directors. Records and Private Papers Documents collected in a private capacity. .
Transcription
This transcription is created automatically. It may contain errors.
of the Jowasimis, and less so in that of A bn Dhabi. Up to 1814 they bore heavily
on the Sultan of Muscat, who, however, retained his independence, although he
paid through much of the period a tribute to the Wahabi Amir. Relations with
Rie British Government, as represented by the Government of India and the
Ifeovernment of Bombay, were polite and even friendly ; but the Indian authorities,
while avoiding any cause of quarrel with the Wahabis and closing their eyes to the
responsibility of the Wahabis for the piracies of the Jowasimis, declined also to
involve themselves in any engagements with the Amirs. Between 1814 and 1818
the power of the Wahabis, who lost the Hejaz between 1810 and 1815, was
completely destroyed by the Egyptian forces of Mehemet Ali, and, save to the
extent that it survived as a purely religious movement, Wahabism temporarily
entirely disappeared. J
1818-1824.
From the Egyptian Conquest of the Wahabis to the Rise of Amir Turki.
34. In 1819-20 the Government of India effectively subdued the pirates of the
Trucial Coast
A name used by Britain from the nineteenth century to 1971 to refer to the present-day United Arab Emirates.
, destroyed their forts, and burnt their warships. The Sheikhs in Aitch. XII,
May 1820 entered into a general treaty with H.M. Government to preserve the No. xix,
maritime peace, H.M. Government on their side undertaking certain reciprocal PP- 245 ~ 9 -
obligations of protection by sea. The treaties were concluded with the Trucial
Sheikhs as independent rulers. In November 1820 H.M. Government took steps
to subdue the Beni bu Ali of Jaalan in Muscat, who had been converted to
Wahabism by the Wahabi expedition of 1813.
Situation in
Trucial Oman
A name used by Britain from the nineteenth century to 1971 to refer to the present-day United Arab Emirates.
in 1822-1823.
35. In 1822, Abu Dhabi, now in control also of Debai, is stated to have been the
firm ally of Muscat. The Jowasimi Sheikhdom of Shargah was peopled by strict
Mohammedans, partly Sunni, partly Wahabi ; Umm al Qaiwain was strictly Wahabi, Bo gel
as was for the most part the Sheikhdom of Ajman. In 1823 the Jowasimi Sheikhs xxiv, 315,
(as distinct from the Beni Yas of Abu Dhabi and Debai) all appear to have 541-3.
acknowledged the general authority of Shargah. While, however, “ in 1823 a
large proportion of the people were still Wahabi in sympathy ... of the secular Lor. I, 687.
power of the Wahabi Amir there was no longer a trace to be found in the country.”
Appointment of British Agent at Shargah, 1823.
36. In 1823 a
Native Agent
Non-British agents affiliated with the British Government.
of the British
Residency
An office of the East India Company and, later, of the British Raj, established in the provinces and regions considered part of, or under the influence of, British India.
at Bushire was appointed Lor. I, 678.
at Shargah. The post has been maintained since that date.
1824-1840.
From the Revival of the Wahabi Power to its Second Overthrow by Egypt.
Amir Turki bin Abdulla, 1824—1834.
Amir Faisal bin Turki (first reign), 1834-1838.
37. In 1824 Sheikh Turki bin Abdulla, a descendant of the first Wahabi Amir,
collected a force and marched against the Egyptians. At first defeated, he was BaSel
subsequently successful. Between 1824 and 1830 he endeavoured to re-establish ’ 1 ^ 9 7 4 ;
the Wahabi power. In 1830 he completely defeated the Beni Ivhalid and leconqueied
Hasa ; in the following year Bahrein and Muscat both temporarily became tributary
to him ■, and by 1833 he had fully re-established Wahabi influence on the Trucial
Coast and in its hinterland and had reoccupied Baraimi. In the same year, however,
Bahrein repudiated the agreement of 1831 and maintained itself against tlie Amir,
whose coast it blockaded, until 1836, when peace was made. It is recorded m 1830 Bo. Sel.
that, while pretending to be free and independent, “Turki had agreed, and XXIV, 439.
continued, to pay a small annual tribute to Mehemet Ah
Pasha
An Ottoman title used after the names of certain provincial governors, high-ranking officials and military commanders.
, who approved ol
his proceedings which he took care to represent in a favourable light.
About this item
- Content
This volume primarily concerns British policy regarding the south-eastern boundaries of Saudi Arabia.
It includes interdepartmental discussion regarding the approach that the British Government should take in reaching a settlement with King Ibn Saud [‘Abd al-‘Azīz bin ‘Abd al-Raḥmān bin Fayṣal Āl Sa‘ūd] over the demarcation of the boundaries.
Much of the correspondence discusses the legal and international position of what is referred to as the 'blue line' (the frontier which marked the Ottoman Government's renunciation of its claims to Bahrain and Qatar, as laid down in the non-ratified Anglo-Ottoman Convention of 1913 and redefined and adopted in the Anglo-Ottoman convention of the following year), a line which is not accepted by Ibn Saud as being binding upon his government.
The volume features the following principal correspondents: His Majesty's Minister at Jedda (Sir Andrew Ryan); the Political Resident A senior ranking political representative (equivalent to a Consul General) from the diplomatic corps of the Government of India or one of its subordinate provincial governments, in charge of a Political Residency. in the Persian Gulf The historical term used to describe the body of water between the Arabian Peninsula and Iran. (Lieutenant-Colonel Trenchard Craven William Fowle); the Political Agent A mid-ranking political representative (equivalent to a Consul) from the diplomatic corps of the Government of India or one of its subordinate provincial governments, in charge of a Political Agency. , Kuwait (Lieutenant-Colonel Harold Richard Patrick Dickson); the Political Agent A mid-ranking political representative (equivalent to a Consul) from the diplomatic corps of the Government of India or one of its subordinate provincial governments, in charge of a Political Agency. , Bahrain (Lieutenant-Colonel Percy Gordon Loch); the Chief Commissioner, Aden (Bernard Rawdon Reilly, referred to in the correspondence as Resident); the Secretary of State for the Colonies (Sir Philip Cunliffe-Lister); the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs (Sir John Simon); the Saudi Ministry of Foreign Affairs; officials of the India Office The department of the British Government to which the Government of India reported between 1858 and 1947. The successor to the Court of Directors. , the Foreign Office, the Colonial Office, the War Office, and the Air Ministry.
Matters discussed in the correspondence include the following:
- Whether the British should press Ibn Saud [‘Abd al-‘Azīz bin ‘Abd al-Raḥmān bin Fayṣal Āl Sa‘ūd] for a general settlement of all outstanding major questions.
- The extent of territory that the British should be prepared to include in any concession made to Ibn Saud.
- The British response to what are referred to as Ibn Saud's 'ancestral claims' to territories east of the blue line.
- Sir Andrew Ryan's meetings with Ibn Saud in Taif, in July 1934.
- Meetings held at the Foreign Office between Sir Andrew Ryan, George Rendel (Head of the Foreign Office's Eastern Department), Fuad Bey Hamza (Deputy Minister for Saudi Foreign Affairs), and Hafiz Wahba (Saudi Arabian Minister in London), in September 1934.
- The boundaries of a proposed 'desert zone', suggested by Rendel, where Ibn Saud would hold personal rather than territorial rights.
- Saudi-Qatari relations.
- Whether tribal boundaries should be considered as a possible solution to the boundary question.
Also included are the following:
- Two copies of an India Office The department of the British Government to which the Government of India reported between 1858 and 1947. The successor to the Court of Directors. memorandum entitled 'Historical Memorandum on the Relations of the Wahabi Amirs and Ibn Saud with Eastern Arabia and the British Government, 1800-1934', dated 26 September 1934.
- Copies of the minutes of meetings of the Committee of Imperial Defence's Standing Official Sub-Committee for Questions Concerning the Middle East, dated 8 November 1934 and 12 September 1934.
- A copy of a report by Bertram Thomas regarding a Trans-Oman air route reconnaissance, which was undertaken in May-June 1927.
The Arabic material consists of one item of correspondence (an English translation is included).
The volume includes a divider which gives a list of correspondence references contained in the volume by year. This is placed at the back of the correspondence (folio 4).
- Extent and format
- 1 volume (392 folios)
- Arrangement
The papers are arranged in approximate chronological order from the rear to the front of the volume.
- Physical characteristics
Foliation: the foliation sequence (used for referencing) commences at the inside front cover with 1, and terminates at the inside back cover with 394; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto The front of a sheet of paper or leaf, often abbreviated to 'r'. side of each folio. A previous foliation sequence, which is also circled, has been superseded and therefore crossed out.
- Written in
- English and Arabic in Latin and Arabic script View the complete information for this record
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- Reference
- IOR/L/PS/12/2134
- Title
- Coll 6/67(1) 'Boundaries of South-Eastern Arabia and Qatar.'
- Pages
- front, back, spine, edge, head, tail, front-i, 2r:197v, 199r:199v, 201r:281v, 283r:328v, 340r:362v, 363ar, 363r:389v, 390ar, 390r:393v, back-i
- Author
- East India Company, the Board of Control, the India Office, or other British Government Department
- Usage terms
- Open Government Licence