File 1323/1916 Pt 1 ‘Baluchistan:- Disturbed conditions on the Anglo-Persian border. Future administration of Mekran, Sarhad & the Kalat States’ [‎310v] (618/896)

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Sardars from both these tribes accompanied Sandeman on his first visit to
Kalat, but they were not parties to the Mastung Convention.
On Sandeman being appointed Agent to the Governor General for Kalat
and its dependencies he, under the orders of the Government of India, adminis
tered the Marri-Bugti tribal area as distinct from Kalat. When the Sardars
petitioned for Khan Klmdadad’s deposition in 1893 the Mam and Bugti
twncmclars were members of the K&Mjirga that made recommendation for the
administration of the Slate ; but this is the only instance since 1876 when they
have been considered as forming part of Kalat State.
4. Pishin and other Afghan tracts, certain Persian tracts and the Harris
and Bugtis had gone and there remained a State the six last fractions of which
were on'the point of dying apart when we ringed them round and made possible
for the Khan an administration such as
Formation of remnants of Kalat into state. never been able to assert over
the whole of these tracts at the same time.
It was the genius of Sandeman which had made possible the formation of
the State, and his genius which ensured its smooth administration in spite of
its anomalies.
5. The second Afghan War coming so soon after the Mastung Agreement
put the soundness of Sandeman’s instincts to the test. He was fully justified,
1 and the conduct of the Sarawan Chiefs
Justification of Confederacy Theory.
the
especially was a loyal fulfilment of
treaty, and a justification of their treatment as members of a Confederacy.
As soon as the War was over and we had annexed Afghan distiricts, of
which Pishin and Sibi had at one time or another come within the Khan’s
dominion, Sandeman, wfith the assistance of the Sarawan ChieiS, brougnt
Khaiym and certain Pathan tribal areas into line. The agreements which
Saoderoan was able to make with the Baloch Chief of Kharan and the Pathan
headmen of Zhob and Bori were made with the assistance of his Kalat Chiefs
and were made possible by the spirit engendered at Mastung and by the
manner in which he and the Chiefs had co-operated in working the Conven
tion. These additions by which the Kalat Agency An office of the East India Company and, later, of the British Raj, headed by an agent. grow into the Province of
Baluchistan were thus the natural outcome of the Mastung Convention and
the Treaty of 1876. Baluchistan as it now stands, with exception of Chaman
and some adjacent tribal areas, thus consists—besides the six divisions of Kalat
State and the districts w T e hold on quit rent from the Khan—of tribal areas
which either atone time owned allegiance to the* Khan or. were brought
voluntarily under us with the assistance of the Sardars as a direct result of
our position under the Mastung Convention and Treaty of 1876.
8. The Province thus constituted not only owes the existence of its British
districts to Sandeman’s coneeption of
Influence of Confederacy on whole Province. ^ of ^ Confeder at e Chiefs, but
has taken its peculiar form of administration from their ‘ c riwaj".
Without the Baloch and Brahui Chiefs and the elders of those Pathan
tribes wdio had been impregnated with due respect for “ riwaj ” by their long
connection with Kalat, the present system of administration, which is founded
on - tribal responsibility and riwaj, and which has saved Baluchistan from the
unrest of the other Provinces of India, would fall to the ground.
7. It is therefore to Sandeman’s method of interpreting the Convention
, .. and the Treaty that wm must look if w r e
ie a^utiuan po u-j. wish to preserve not only the balance of
RKat State but of the whole Province.
The main points of bis policy were:—
(1) the minimum interference with the ^fian in his revenue paying area;
(2) the independence of each Chief in tribal area and the responsi
bility of each tribe for the misdeeds of individual members
subject to the submission of important cases to joint jirgas ;
(3) the management of inter-tribal disputes or disputes between tribes
men and the Khan’s subjeets'Or officials by jirgas of Sardars;