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'A Dictionary, Persian, Arabic, and English; with a Dissertation on the Languages, Literature, and Manners of Eastern Nations' [‎45r] (94/1826)

The record is made up of 1 volume (908 folios). It was created in 1829. It was written in English, Arabic and Persian. The original is part of the British Library: India Office The department of the British Government to which the Government of India reported between 1858 and 1947. The successor to the Court of Directors. Records and Private Papers Documents collected in a private capacity. .

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PROOFS AND ILLUSTRATIONS.
Ixxiii
P. xxxiv. Mythology, Vol. I. p. 24. Vol. II. p. 122 , 3,
&c. zun, in Arabic, it may not be improper to observe, sig
nifies an idol in general. See also Dictionary jJl azar,
fizarsan or ddarsdn, and barzin.
P. xxxv. Mythology, Vol. I. p. 62 and 225,226. Vol. II.
p. 461. liestia must be from a different root: in Persian
hast} signifies a being, substance, existence, essence ; and in this
sense may have perhaps been used as the name, title, or attribute
of a divinity.
Istakhar ought properly to be speltys-Ll, but by the Arabians
it is in general writtenwhence Dr. Hyde has conceived
the derivation to have been from sakhr, Rocks. See Diet.
Istd, istu, istddan, Istddan, and jk~
khur and kh’ur.
It may be observed, as a general rule, that the Persians, Ara
bians, and Indians, writing without the short vowels, and seldom
in their manuscripts affixing the vowel-points, it is impossible to
reduce them to any fixed standard ; the pronunciation of different
kingdoms or districts being, in many respects, distinct from one
another. Where a word is spelt therefore in our characters
astd, estd, istd, ostd, or ustd, it makes, in general, no alteration
in the sense. Eastern nations have indeed not only a variation in
pronouncing; but much of the apparent discrepance has arisen
from the different powers, which the different nations and indi
viduals of Europe have given to those vowels; and the arbitrary
inodes which translators and travellers have laid down for ex
pressing Oriental words in the characters of Europe ; there be-
inghardly, for example, two gentlemen from India, who, although
sounding the words precisely in the same manner, will not, when
expressing those sounds upon paper, differ remarkably in the
compass of a very few lines. See Arabic Grammar, p. 5, and
Preface to Specimen of Persian Poetry, p. xiii.
It maybe objected to those etymologies, perhaps, that the word
is most commonly writtenbut whilst the authority of the
author of the Farhang Jahangir}, who spells it in the true Per
sian manner jALjI, appears to be unquestionable on this ground;
when we consider, at the same time, that the character now in
use amonofst those Oriental nations had no existence (as observed
above, p. vi.) till the tenth century of our era ; and that Istakhar
was founded perhaps two thousand years before that period;
those particular letters, which the Arabians have since chosen to
express that name, can have no more weight in a discussion of
this nature, than advancing the French manner of writing Lon-
dres as an argument that London was an error.
See Mythology, Vol. I. p. 65, 66 . Vol. III. Pref. xxviii.
Hebrew Arabic shams, The sun; sham,
Syria; with the article, ash'shdm or ash'shamah.
D’Herbelot says, p. 772, that some Eastern geographers derive
the name sham from a vs art; because the country is studdedover
with a number of small hillocks, resembling those excrescences
on the human face. Black moles on the face have ever been
considered in the East as extremely beautiful; and circumstances
full as whimsical have often given names to places. See also
Dictionary ^Jjy^ surl.
See Mythology, Vol. I. p. 6 and 94. The Oriental adjunct
is stun or Istdn, the participle of istddan,
j! istddan, istdmdan or — : \\ istdndan, To
stand, reside, dwell, place, fix, &c. whence ^b—.d u U^c Moghul
i istdn or ^b Moghulistdn (part of Tartary).
Hindustan or Hindustan (India), ^b— Fdrs-
Istdn (Persia), ^)b— yL Khdz-istdn (Susiana). This last coun
try Mr. Bryant, as well as Bochart, supposes to have been so
named from Chus; but z and s, as before observed, being dis
tinct radicals, and never confounded but by error or vulgarism,
it has a very suspicious bottom : whilstj ik khuz in Persian sig
nifies a nation ; and is particularly applied to denote the inha
bitants of this very district.
I 1 . xxxvn. 1 . xxxvni. Aror ( V of. 1. p. 13) seems
to be the Arabicj^ irr ; iru'; uvsdr (pi. jj\ uvszcar),
Heb. awr, which denote, amongst other significations, fire,
a fire-place, kindling a fire, heat (of the sun, of fire, of thirst,
&c .)—Ab (Myth. Vol. I. p. 2 ) is 3N in Heb. and ab in
Arab. Father. — Ad (p. 23) Mr. Bryant conceives to be a chief,
king, lord; and supposes, when doubled, that adad should im
ply something superlative, as a king of kings; but superlatives
are not so formed in the Eastern dialects ; and ad is perfectly
synonymous with addd; both, in Arabic, implying victory,
strength, superior povser, &c. neither is adda fern, of ad, Iwd
add or add’ being a different root, signifying assisting, also
increasing in strength, &c. None of those words, at the same
time, appear to signify one, according to Macrobius ; not first,
agreeable to Mr. Bryant’s conjecture. Ac tf/dand A^Ac ^addd,
from another root, denote number in general: and jAc uiduxs
(pi. Iac! aula) signifies an enemy: in all which senses we can
see sufficient presumption for the formation of proper names and
for their being figuratively applied to chiefs or conquerors, to
friends as well as foes Our learned author next objects (p. 25)
the derivation of Adam, adama, adamana, and other similar
names, &c. from the Hebrew D“!N or the Arabic Adam,
wishing to support the Cuthites, by tracing such places to Ad-
dam, which he translates Lord Ham : but whilst ad does not
appear to signify a lord; whilst the veneration paid to Ham is
by no means proved ; and whilst the texture of the Oriental
languages, as above observed (p. xxxvi), will not allow the
dropping of the medial h, we can see no ground for departing
from the above roots; which not only denote the father of man
kind, but man in general, a chief, a concord, society, &c. which
are, unquestionably, etymological grounds of superior strength
1

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Content

The volume is A Dictionary, Persian, Arabic, and English; with a Dissertation on the Languages, Literature, and Manners of Eastern Nations , by John Richardson, of the Middle Temple and Wadham College, Oxford. Revised and improved by Charles Wilkins. This new edition has been enlarged by Francis Johnson. The volume was printed by J. L. Cox, London, 1829.

The volume begins with a preface (folios 7-8), followed by the dissertation (folios 9-40), proofs and illustrations (folios 41-49), and an advertisement on pronunciation and verb forms (folios 50-51). The dictionary is Arabic and Persian to English, arranged alphabetically according to the Arabic and Persian alphabets. At the back of the volume are corrections and additions (folio 908).

Extent and format
1 volume (908 folios)
Arrangement

The dictionary is arranged alphabetically, according to the Arabic and Persian alphabets.

Physical characteristics

Foliation: the foliation sequence for this description commences at the inside front cover with 1, and terminates at the inside back cover with 910; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto The front of a sheet of paper or leaf, often abbreviated to 'r'. side of each folio.

Pagination: the volume also contains an original printed pagination sequence.

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English, Arabic and Persian in Latin and Arabic script
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'A Dictionary, Persian, Arabic, and English; with a Dissertation on the Languages, Literature, and Manners of Eastern Nations' [‎45r] (94/1826), British Library: India Office Records and Private Papers, IOR/R/15/5/397, in Qatar Digital Library <https://www.qdl.qa/archive/81055/vdc_100085185903.0x00005f> [accessed 28 March 2024]

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