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'File A/9 I Bahrain Order in Council' [‎104r] (226/536)

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The record is made up of 1 volume (258 folios). It was created in 2 Dec 1895-31 Oct 1918. It was written in English and Arabic. The original is part of the British Library: India Office The department of the British Government to which the Government of India reported between 1858 and 1947. The successor to the Court of Directors. Records and Private Papers Documents collected in a private capacity. .

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exerci ^aMe by the Secretary of State, or, with his previous or subsequent assent, by
the Governor -General of India in Council.
jSotwithstandinsr, in any case triable by a Subordinate Magistrate under
Chapters XVI to XXIII inclusive of the Indian Penal Code, if both the complainant
and defendant are Mahommedans and are acquiescent in such procedure, the Political
A^ent mav order the case to be tried by a Kazi, a representative from the Agency An office of the East India Company and, later, of the British Raj, headed by an agent.
attending "to record briefly the proceedings. In such suits the judgment passed by
the Kazi cannot be carried into effect until it is ratified by the Political Agent A mid-ranking political representative (equivalent to a Consul) from the diplomatic corps of the Government of India or one of its subordinate provincial governments, in charge of a Political Agency. , and
the Political Agent A mid-ranking political representative (equivalent to a Consul) from the diplomatic corps of the Government of India or one of its subordinate provincial governments, in charge of a Political Agency. is empowered to revise the finding and sentence as if the Kazi
were a Subordinate Magistrate, or to return the case for re-trial to the same or
another Kazi. The sentence of the Kazi, when ratified by the Political Agent A mid-ranking political representative (equivalent to a Consul) from the diplomatic corps of the Government of India or one of its subordinate provincial governments, in charge of a Political Agency. , shall
for all purposes be regarded as if it were the decision of the Political Agent A mid-ranking political representative (equivalent to a Consul) from the diplomatic corps of the Government of India or one of its subordinate provincial governments, in charge of a Political Agency. in the
District Court.
(2.) Any jurisdiction exercisable by the Chief Court in criminal matters under
this Order may be exercised by the Judge of that Court either within the limits of this
Order or elsewhere. , , r
15. In cases in which the Code of Criminal Procedure requires the sentence 01 a
Court of Session to be confirmed by the High Court, the sentence shall be referred
for confirmation to the Governor-General of India in Council instead of to the Chief
Court.
16. Where a person subject to this Order is accused of the commission of an
offence the cognizance whereof appertains to the Court, and it is expedient that the
offence be inquired of, tried, determined, and punished in a British possession, the
accused may (under the Poreign Jurisdiction Act, 1890, section 6) be sent for trial to
^^The Chief Court may, where it appears so expedient, by warrant under the hand
and seal of the Political Ilesident, cause the accused to be sent for trial to Bombay
accordingly. . J . • j- i. j ^
The warrant shall bo sufficient authority to any person to whom it is directed to
receive and detain the person therein named, and to carry him to and deliver him up
at Bomb a v according to the warrant. , • . i • -u i
Wliere any person is to be so sent to Bombay, the Court before which he is ehaigec
shall take the preliminary examination, and shall bind over such of the proper
witnesses as are British subjects in their own recognizances to appear and grve
evidence on the trial. , ^ , -i
Yi (X ) xhe Political Eesident may by General Order prescribe the manner m
which, and 'the places at which, sentences of imprisonment are to be carried into
execution within the limits of the Order. u i nnco n™
(2.) The Court mav, in any case by warrant sealed with its seal, cause an
offender convicted and sentenced to imprisonment before the Court to be removed to,
and imprisoned in, any place that shall be prescribed by the Lolitical President un ei
the authority provided for in subsection (1) of this Article. , . . 1
18 Where an offender convicted before any Court under this Order is sentence
to imnrisonment and the Political Resident A senior ranking political representative (equivalent to a Consul General) from the diplomatic corps of the Government of India or one of its subordinate provincial governments, in charge of a Political Residency. proceeding under section / ot the
Foreign Jurisdiction Act, 1S90, authority in that behalf _ being hereby pven to
him considers it expedient that the sentence should be carried into effect elsewhere
T V ' t i e ijVnits of this Order, and the offender is accordingly sent for
Si—tta^tce outside the limits of this ^er. the stoU ^
a -nlnpp in the Presidencv of Bombay, or a place m some othei pait oi liis
Majesty's dominions, the Government whereof consents that offenders may be sent
thither under this Article, or a place in which by a
other lawful means His Majesty has jurisdiction provided f ^ ^ ^-""Lg
British subject he shall only be sent under this Article to a pla„e m JVLaj . y
■dominions.
imuuons, ^ ^ of or culpable homicide, if either the death or the
imhial act whHi wholly or partly caused the death happened in bahian, ,
.. 0*1..- Cour nctin- under this Order shall have the like jurisdiction over any person
'o whom thfs Order applies who is charged either as a pmcmnl oftender or as an
^ abettor as it both such criminal act and the death had
lica Mot)« 6 (9\ Tn +hp oase of anv offence committed on the high seas oi witlnn T.ne
; Si* Admiralty jurisdiction by any person who at the time of
Court"'# , • J j ? iti h ship or by any British subject on board a foreign ship to wmcn
he dTd not belong, the Court stall, subject to the provisions ot this Order, have
^ [MS1

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Content

The volume’s correspondence and other papers concern the implementation of an Order of Council in Bahrain. The principal correspondents in the file are the Political Resident A senior ranking political representative (equivalent to a Consul General) from the diplomatic corps of the Government of India or one of its subordinate provincial governments, in charge of a Political Residency. and the Political Agent A mid-ranking political representative (equivalent to a Consul) from the diplomatic corps of the Government of India or one of its subordinate provincial governments, in charge of a Political Agency. in Bahrain, each post being held by a number of different representatives throughout the period covered by the volume.

The first item in the volume is a letter sent from Major Ramsay, British Consul-General in Baghdad, to Major Percy Cox, Political Resident A senior ranking political representative (equivalent to a Consul General) from the diplomatic corps of the Government of India or one of its subordinate provincial governments, in charge of a Political Residency. in the Persian Gulf The historical term used to describe the body of water between the Arabian Peninsula and Iran. , dated 9 March 1907. The letter concerns the jurisdiction in Bahrain over American citizens based at the American Missionary, particularly in relation to births, deaths and the disposal of estates (folio 1g). This enquiry was symptomatic of raised concerns over where jurisdiction lay in relation to the increasing number of foreign nationals in Bahrain. In a letter dated 6 April 1907 the Bahrain Political Agent A mid-ranking political representative (equivalent to a Consul) from the diplomatic corps of the Government of India or one of its subordinate provincial governments, in charge of a Political Agency. , Captain Francis Prideaux, wrote to Cox, outlining the judiciary requirement he believed that he, as Political Agent A mid-ranking political representative (equivalent to a Consul) from the diplomatic corps of the Government of India or one of its subordinate provincial governments, in charge of a Political Agency. , should have. These included the authority of a district magistrate in criminal matters, consular authority in notarial and shipping duties, and the power of vice-admiralty (folios 3-8).

Application was consequently made for an Order in Council A regulation issued by the sovereign of the United Kingdom on the advice of the Privy Council. in Bahrain, via Cox, in his capacity as Political Resident A senior ranking political representative (equivalent to a Consul General) from the diplomatic corps of the Government of India or one of its subordinate provincial governments, in charge of a Political Residency. , to the Government of India, the Secretary of State for India, and the Foreign Secretary. In May 1909, John Morley, the Secretary of State for India, wrote to the Governor General of India, stating that, in light of increasing German activity in the Gulf, the Political Agent A mid-ranking political representative (equivalent to a Consul) from the diplomatic corps of the Government of India or one of its subordinate provincial governments, in charge of a Political Agency. in Bahrain was authorised to approach the ruler of Bahrain, Shaikh ‘Īsá bin ‘Alī Āl Khalīfah, with a view to him ceding responsibility for foreign nationals in his dominions to the British Government (folios 50-52). This responsibility was duly granted to the British (folios 63-64), though not, according to Captain Charles Mackenzie, then Political Agent A mid-ranking political representative (equivalent to a Consul) from the diplomatic corps of the Government of India or one of its subordinate provincial governments, in charge of a Political Agency. in Bahrain, without some reluctance on the part of Shaikh ‘Īsá (folios 65-66).

Subsequent correspondence deals with some of the finer points of the wording of the Order in Council A regulation issued by the sovereign of the United Kingdom on the advice of the Privy Council. , with particular attention being paid by officials to the status of foreign nationals in Bahrain, including their registration with the Political Agency An office of the East India Company and, later, of the British Raj, headed by an agent. , and the legal ability to deport them if necessary. A draft copy of the Order in Council A regulation issued by the sovereign of the United Kingdom on the advice of the Privy Council. , dated, 1912, is included in the volume (folios 100-112). The unrest and disruption caused by the First World War in the Gulf, repeatedly delayed the introduction of the Order in Council A regulation issued by the sovereign of the United Kingdom on the advice of the Privy Council. . On 7 May 1917 the Political Agent A mid-ranking political representative (equivalent to a Consul) from the diplomatic corps of the Government of India or one of its subordinate provincial governments, in charge of a Political Agency. Captain Percy Loch wrote to the Political Resident A senior ranking political representative (equivalent to a Consul General) from the diplomatic corps of the Government of India or one of its subordinate provincial governments, in charge of a Political Residency. , Major Arthur Trevor, suggesting that, in view of recent developments in the conflict in Europe, and the entry into the war of the United States of America, the present time might be a prudent one to implement the Order in Council A regulation issued by the sovereign of the United Kingdom on the advice of the Privy Council. . In his letter Loch described how Turkish withdrawal from the Gulf, the independence of Bin Saud [Ibn Sa‘ūd], and formal British relations with the Shaikh of Qatar, would impact upon the treatment of certain foreign nationals in Bahrain (folios 232-35). Trevor rejected Loch’s proposal, and in May 1918, the introduction of the Order in Council A regulation issued by the sovereign of the United Kingdom on the advice of the Privy Council. in Bahrain was postponed once more, until February 1919 (folio 248).

Amongst the discussions over Bahrain’s Order in Council A regulation issued by the sovereign of the United Kingdom on the advice of the Privy Council. , the appointment of a judicial assistant for the Political Agency An office of the East India Company and, later, of the British Raj, headed by an agent. was discussed (folios 189-94, 243-44, 249-51), as was the existing khidmah system of revenue collection (a ten per cent judicial fee payable to the Sheikh of Bahrain's treasury). A Statement of khidmah for the years 1912 to 1916 is included on folio 227.

Extent and format
1 volume (258 folios)
Arrangement

The contents of the volume have been arranged in approximate chronological order, from the earliest items at the front of the volume, to the latest at the end.

Physical characteristics

Foliation: The volume is foliated from the front cover to the inside back cover, using blue pencil numbers located in the top-right corner of each recto The front of a sheet of paper or leaf, often abbreviated to 'r'. . A few folio numbers, chiefly at the front and end of the volume, are in black pencil. The following foliation anomalies occur: 1a-1g.

The following folios are fold-outs: 60, 226, 227.

Written in
English and Arabic in Latin and Arabic script
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'File A/9 I Bahrain Order in Council' [‎104r] (226/536), British Library: India Office Records and Private Papers, IOR/R/15/2/6, in Qatar Digital Library <https://www.qdl.qa/archive/81055/vdc_100023489038.0x00001b> [accessed 3 May 2024]

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