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'Memorandum on Bahrein' [9r] (17/62)
The record is made up of 1 file (31 folios). It was created in 13 Jan 1947. It was written in English and French. The original is part of the British Library: India Office The department of the British Government to which the Government of India reported between 1858 and 1947. The successor to the Court of Directors. Records and Private Papers Documents collected in a private capacity. .
Transcription
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17
valid and in force the earlier conventions entered into between Bahrein and Her
Maiesty's Government, and undertook in return for a guarantee of protection
against agressions " by the Chiefs and Tribes of the Gulf ' to abstain from
maritime aggression, piracy, the slave trade, &c., and to agree to certain y 1 ^ jg®'
conditions in regard to residence and trade in Bahrein by British subjects and to No. x , 234.
jurisdiction over them. One of the ships seized from him was thereupon
returned; the second, the Hamrah, was retained.
71. The Turkish and Persian agents would seem to have disappeared 110m No ^
Bahrein before the Resident's arrival. The Persian authorities at Bush 11 e in g.e.isei.
June 1861 asked the Resident for an explanation of his proceedings. The
Resident however, contented himself with forwarding their enquiry to Her
Maiesty's Minister at Tehran. The Convention was approved by the Government
of India in 1861, and the Turkish and Persian Governments were informed ot
what had happened.
Summary, 1850-61
72. The Turkish Government were informed in 1851 that Her Majesty s
Government could not recognise any claim on their part to Bahrein.
The Sheikhs appear to have continued to pay tribute to the Wahabi Amir
in the early part of and possibly throughout this period.
In 1859 the Sheikh appealed simultaneously to Turkey and to Persia, as the
result of apprehensions of a Wahabi attack, and received a Persian envoy, who
hoisted the Persian flag. On the arrival immediately afterwards of the Turkish
envoy the Persian flag was hauled down. Subsequently the Sheikh for a time flew
both flags side by side. The envoys seem to have left Bahrein in the early part of
1861. No action was taken by the British authorities pending a decision by Her
Majesty's Government as to whether they regarded Bahrein as independent.
The Persian Government undertook not to endeavour to occupy the islands until
the title to them was settled.
Her Majesty's Government decided in February 1861 to regard the Sheikh
as an independent ruler and so hold him responsible for piracies, &c. Punitive
action against him by Her Majesty's Government having proved necessary in May
1861, he entered in that month into a convention with them in which he was
described as " independent ruler of Bahrein," and secured certain guarantees
of protection.
YIII.—1861-67. From the ConYention of 1861 to the Punitive Expedition of
August 1868
Persian Protest (1862)
73. In January 1862 the Persian Minister in Paris protested to Her Lord Oowky
Majesty's Ambassador in Paris against the seizure of the Hamrah. He was No. is,'
informed in reply that Her Majesty's Government could not recognise any claim p 7 0 18 ^
on the part of Persia to question their proceedings in regard to Bahrein, and must Lord Cowley,
therefore decline to offer him any explanation on the subject of his complaint. ?2 0 2i862
Persian Protest (1866)
74. Between 1863 and 1865 the Sheikh continued to misbehave, and in the Lor. 1, 891.
latter year his ship, the Dinar, was seized under the instructions of the Resident.
The Persian Government in 1866 made a complaint in regard to the Dinar
proceedings on the ground that Bahrein under the unratified agreement of 1822
was a dependency of Persia. The Government of India, after ascertaining from
the
Government of Bombay
From c. 1668-1858, the East India Company’s administration in the city of Bombay [Mumbai] and western India. From 1858-1947, a subdivision of the British Raj. It was responsible for British relations with the Gulf and Red Sea regions.
the nature of the agreement of 1822, communicated Lor L 691 -
the result of their enquiries to the Minister at Tehran, and added their own
opinion that " whatever might have been the pretensions of Persia or the grounds
of the same to the sovereignty of Bahrein in former days, the Shah could not now
be regarded as possessing in point of fact any rights in the principality." This ^ ^ ^ of I '
communication was approved by Her Majesty's Government in the same year, and 28 0 2.1867.
the matter appears to have dropped.
Nature of Relations between Bahrein and Wahabi Amir (1867)
75. In 1866-67 the Resident, on the instructions of the Government of India,
investigated the relations of the Sheikh of Bahrein and the Wahabi Amir. He
reported as a result that the Sheikh claimed to be independent so far as his islands
85—177 n
About this item
- Content
This printed memorandum, produced by the Foreign Office, dated 13 Jan 1947, deals with the history of Bahrein [Bahrain] from the point of view of the political status of the islands at various periods and dates since 1783, and contains copies of related correspondence and discussions. The principal authorities quoted in the memorandum are listed on folio 1v and appear as references in the right or left hand margin. The memorandum includes an index on folio 1r and a list of appendices on folio 1v. The index contains the the following sections:
- Geographical situation;
- Bahrein priot to 1783;
- 1783-1820;
- 1820-30;
- 1830-40;
- 1840-50;
- 1850-61;
- 1861-67;
- Discussion and Incidents, 1868-70;
- 1870-80;
- 1880-92. From the conclusion of the First to the conclusion of the Second Exclusive Agreement with Her Majesty's Government;
- 1892-1913. From the Second Exclusive Agreement to the Anglo-Turkish Convention of 1913;
- 1913-34;
- Summary (A. Claims to or assertions of soverignty over Bahrein, 1783 to 1934. B. Basis of the Persian claim. C. Attitude of His Majesty's Government, 1820-1934);
- Reference to Law Officers of the Crown;
- Independent Status of Bahrein;
- 1934-46 (Establishment of Naval Base at Bahrein; Persian Government's refusal to recognise visas and endoresments of Bahrein; Agreement between His Majesty's Government and the Saudi Arabian Government regarding Transit Dues at Bahrein; The Liabilities of His Majesty's Government in the Persian Gulf The historical term used to describe the body of water between the Arabian Peninsula and Iran. ; Treatment of Bahreinis in Persia; Bahrein Nationality and Property Laws; Treatment of Persians in Bahrein; Postal Services between Persian and Bahrein; Persian Government decree regarding import of Petroleum Products from Bahrein; Remarks of the Persian Prime Minister to the United States Ambassador; Recent references to Bahrein in the Persian Press).
The memorandum is marked 'Confidential' and 'The Document is the Property of His Britannic Majesty's Government'.
- Extent and format
- 1 file (31 folios)
- Arrangement
The file contains an index and list of appendices (folio 1) which make reference to paragraph and page numbers.
- Physical characteristics
Foliation: The foliation sequence commences at the front cover, and terminates at the inside back cover; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto The front of a sheet of paper or leaf, often abbreviated to 'r'. side of each folio. Pagination: The volume also contains an original printed pagination sequence.
- Written in
- English and French in Latin script View the complete information for this record
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Copyright: How to use this content
- Reference
- IOR/L/PS/18/B485
- Title
- 'Memorandum on Bahrein'
- Pages
- 1r:21v, 25v:26v, 30r:31v
- Author
- East India Company, the Board of Control, the India Office, or other British Government Department
- Usage terms
- Open Government Licence