'The Expedition for the survey of the rivers Euphrates and Tigris, carried on by order of the British government, in the years 1835, 1836, and 1837; preceded by geographical and historical notices of the regions situated between the rivers Nile and Indus. In four volumes. With fourteen maps and charts, and embellished with ninety-seven plates, besides numerous wood-cuts. Volume the first.' [‎345] (418/905)

CHAP. XV.J CHARACTER OF THE COUNTRY.
345
Kaisariyeh, and Nigdeh, in addition to the A'yanliks of Eregli
and Karaman.
Towards its eastern limits tlie district is watered by some of
of the affluents of the Kizil-Irmak and Euphrates, and towards Kharid ^
its southern limits by those of the Saihun and Jaihan, but in
the northern and western quarters it is more scantily supplied
by other streams, which, after short courses, usually terminate
either in lakes or marshes.
In this extensive Pashalik there is a marked contrast be- Its mountains,
tween the scenery and character of the country near its eastern
and western limits. At the latter extremity the great barriers
of the Taurus and Sultan Tagh present a bold, elevated, and
rugged outline, having near the base some cultivation; in the
lower regions the oak, ilex, arbutus, lentisk, and juniper
abound, and above, are forests of pines ; amidst the forests are
several fine valleys and small plains, forming, with the sur
rounding rocks and woods, the most beautiful scenery. 1
North-eastward of the mountains there is a wide-spreading and lakes,
bare surface, separated nearly in the centre by the south
western prolongation of the limestone range of Emir Tagh, 8
which runs to Ladik. From hence a volcanic formation con
tinues to Kara Bunar, and is lost in the Taurus ; 3 elsewhere it
is divided by the undulations which mark the limits of the
different plains, such as those of Koniyeh, Nigdeh, Bulavadin,
Ak-shehr, &c. These tracts are almost exclusively pastoral;
many of them being not only marshy, but partially inundated
at certain seasons. Permanent villages, with some trees and
a little cultivation, are however occasionally seen; and the
surface of the district is still further diversified by a series of
lakes, forming nearly an equilateral triangle, which extends
about 120 miles to the north-east. The base of the figure is
formed by three sheets of water lying between the ranges of
Sultan Tagh and Emir Tagh. The centre of these is the
1 Leake's Journal in Asia Minor, pp. 104 and 105; and Fellowes's Journal,
pp. 165, HI, 175.
2 Mr. Ainsworth's Journey, Vol. X. Part III., p. 492, of the Royal Geogra
phical Joift-nal.
3 Ibid., p. 498.
VOL. I. 2 Y