'GAZETTEER OF PERSIA. VOLUME II' [‎176v] (357/706)

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K1RMANSHAH
Some families in each tribe or settlement are known as Chupankera or
Galladar (i. e., shepherds), Assalbor (f. e., honey-gatherers), etc., and the le
names are often erroneously given as names of branches of tribes.
Resources.
Supplies. —The grain crop (ghalleh) is usually composed of one-third barley
and two-thirds wheat. Much wheat is exported to the interior of Persia
by camelmen, who, having no goods to transport for the return journey,
buy wheat and barley of their own account and sell it wherever profitable,
thus paying for the keep of their camels aird making a small profit.
The usual output of grain of the province of Kirmanshah is roughly esti
mated at 200,000 kharwors.
In 1902 the charges on exporting grain to Baghdad were three times as
much as the grain was worth on the spot; but as this was so little, a profit
could be made on exporting.
The following tribes and districts each provide 20,000 kharw~rs or more
towards the total output of grain : Kalhurs, Mahidasht, Guran, Sunqur and
Kullai, Qasr-i-Shlrln and Zuhab, and As’adabad and Kangavar.
The total output of rice is about 16,000 kharwars, derived from Raziaa,
Bilavar, Dinavar, Chamchamal, and Zuhab. About 10,000 kharwirs of peas
(nakhud) are also produced.
The other agricultural products of the province are :—maize, clover, castor
oil plant, cotton, indigo and opium. Garden crops, such as melons, water
melons, cucumbers, egg plants, tomatoes are also grown for local consump
tion.
Fruits are abundant during the fruit season. The fruit of Kanduleh,
HarsTn and Sahneh is famous, and is brought to town for sale.
Karind has excellent grapes; dried figs from Rijab are well known, and
Gavarreh at one time had fine apples. Oranges and lemons are received
from Mandalt, Turkey.
Trees. —The usual trees of the plain of Kirmanshah are the willows, poplars,
oriental plane and walnut, and the fruit trees of Northern Europe. Palm
trees are to be found in the gardens of Sar-i-Pul-i-Zuhab and Qasr-i-
Shirin.
In the mountains one finds oak, elm. sycamore and some small coniferous
trees. In the mountains near Hulailan are the following trees :—
Crataegus^ Ficus, Daphne Acuminata B. ei Hoh, Quercus Persica, Acer,
Lonicera, Prunus Mahaleh, Pistacia Kinjuk, Amygdalus Kotechyi Storks,
etc. The flora is varied, and occasionally rare specimens are to be found.
Game. —Bear, wolf, wild goat, gazelle, partridge, small partridge (taihu),
sand grouse, geese, duck and other birds of passage, such as the small and large
bustard, woodcock, snipe, double snipe, quail, etc., are abundant in this
province. The rivers Kara Su and Gamaslab have also fine fish.
Wool. —“After wheat one of the next largest products of the country is wool.
The vast flocks of Kurds and Lurs, grazing all over the green hills of these
countries, supply a great quantity of fair quality wool, which might be
vastly improved by a little care inbreeding. It is, however, mainly used
in various industries in which the women only are employed, such as carpet
weaving, etc. Tent covers, saddle-bags, and ropes are also manufactured