'Reconnaissances in Mesopotamia, Kurdistan, North-West Persia, and Luristan from April to October 1888. By Lt F R Maunsell, Intelligence Branch. In Two Volumes. Volume I: narrative report, description of larger towns and routes leading from them. Simla: Intelligence Branch, Quarter Master General's Dept, 1890' [‎24v] (53/312)

34
It- leaves the mountains 10 miles west of Dizful, arul is there a rnpid
stream. It takes a southerly course rounding the end of the Pusht-i-Kuh, and
passes through a rich plain into the extensive marshes round Hawizah. In
some places it is only a few miles of the Diz river. Several Canals in old
times used to connect the two streams.
The principal outlet from the Hawizah marshes into the Shatt-T-Arah is
5 miles below Korna, there called the Swaib, and another at A mar called El
Hud. the northern outlet into the Tigris.
The Tib, a large river in spring time, rises on the west slopes of the KTbir
Kuh, and flows into the Hawizah marshes. It issues from the mountains
by a narrow and precipitous gorge, and runs through a belt of low hills of
conglomerate, on which are several ruins which the Lurs Call Kalanta. The
bed of the river is wide, and during summer and autumn is almost dry.
It is confined on both sides by lofty cliffs. Kalanta is three days'journey N.
()0°W. of Dizful. During the early part of its course, the water is sweet,
but immediately after quitting the mountains becomes brackish. This is
the same with almost all the streams flowing westward from the Pushfc-i-
K u b.—( Lai/a rd.)
Leaving the low hills, it enters the plain of Dehluran, and forcing its
way through a small range of sandstone hills, enters the plains.
Its course is S. 30° K. until within 20 miles of the Tigris, when, turning
suddenly, it loses itself in the marshes.
Duwarij River .—To the east and north-east of the Tib is a perfect desert .
South is another large river, the Duwarij, flowing into the marshes.
It is formed of two streams, the Chickab (the most easterly) and the Telezi
rising in the hills at the extremity of the Kebir Kuh, occupied by the Lur
tribe of Sagwand.
The two streams unite in the lower part of the small plain of Patak, situat
ed about due north of Dizful. The main stream then forces its way through
the sandstone hills, and after winding for a few miles in the plains, in which
it is joined by a small stream called the Bogreb, loses itself in the marshes.
The whole country between the Tigris and the bills from a line drawn
some miles above Amara to the Kerkhah is one great marsh and uninhabit
able.— [Lat/ard.)
North of the Tib is the Gunjianchun "River. It rises in the northern
extremity of the Kebir Kuh, and after a very tortuous course through the
mountains emerges through the last ridge by a rift called the Tang-i-Dakhursa.
From there it flows through the plain of Bahnrawan, through the Tang-i-
Gunjianchun, and debouches on the Tigris plain near Zorbatiyeh. A little
above this it receives a large tributary on the left bank, called the Gawi,
which also rises in the Kebir Kuh.
The united stream flows in a wide gravelly bed past Bedrai and Jessan,
much of the water bedng led away into canals. The river is almost dry in
. 'immer. It loses itself in the marshes in summer and autumn, and water
only reaches the Tigris in the flood season. The water is brackish from the
Bahnrawan plain westward {see Route IT).
North of the Gunjiarichun is the Gurigir River, which rises in the north
west slopes of Manisht Kuh, flows through the mountains by a narrow tortuous
course [see Route I) emerging near Mendali through the Tang-i-Sunmar.
It turns south below Mendali, and finally loses itself in the Suwekjeh
marshes north-west of Jessan. Much water is consumed by the irrigation of
the large date gardens of Mendali. Below Mendali it receives the Nuffat, a
salt stream which rises north-east of that place, and flows through the desert.