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Publications, Newspaper Cuttings, Photographs and Correspondence about Persia and the Persian Gulf [‎72r] (145/879)

The record is made up of 1 file (436 folios). It was created in 14 Oct 1891-Sep 1911. It was written in English, French and German. The original is part of the British Library: India Office The department of the British Government to which the Government of India reported between 1858 and 1947. The successor to the Court of Directors. Records and Private Papers Documents collected in a private capacity. .

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NATURAL HISTORY OF LAKE URMI.
357
of Artemia are occasionally to be seen at certain places near the
shore. In such streaks in which the Artemias were more than
ordinarily numerous, there were always a large proportion of dead
individuals or of individuals with impaired swimming powers;
the greater density of their aggregation seemed to be the
result of local currents. In the clear green waters brightly
illumined by the sun, the delicate cuticles of the Artemias sparkle
like star-spangles. In order to obtain data for comparing the
density of population of Lake Urmi with that of other lakes, a
tow-net of silk bolting-cloth (meshes *25 mm. square) was slowly
drawn horizontally through about 35 yards of water in the middle
of the island archipelago, and again in a vertical direction through
25 feet (the utmost obtainable at the station) ; the organisms
captured were put into alcohol, their numbers were counted and
their apparent volume measured. The two horizontal fishings
gave results not differing from the mean by more than 3 per cent.
The cubic metre of water was found to contain 1577 individual
Artemias—or roughly, an Artemia to every pint of water. The
preserved material, after being allowed to settle for 24 hours,
occupied an apparent volume of 42:5 cubic centimetres. The
vertical fishings gave rather lower results. Six hauls of the
plankton-net showed that the average vertical distribution was
about 1203 Artemias to the cubic metre of water. The inference
is that, although the population is less dense near the bottom
than near the surface, yet on the whole the organisms may be
said to be fairly uniformly distributed throughout the lake. My
observations are therefore in accordance with those of Reighard
made during a biological examination of Lake St. Clair *.
The fishings recorded above were made at 8 o’clock in the
morning, but others made at midnight (with strong moonlight)
and at midday showed that there does not seem to be any
extensive diurnal migration of the kind which Forel has
shown to be characteristic of the pelagic fauna of deep fresh-
water lakes, and which is also usual with many marine pelagic
animals. Indeed, during the day, owing to the shallowness of
Lake Urmi, the bottom is not much less brightly illuminated
than the surface, and a fauna of negatively heliotropic nature
would search in vain for twilight in its inconsiderable depths.
I am of opinion, therefore, that 1200 Artemias per cubic metre
* Bull. Michigan Fish Commission, 1894, No. 4.

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Content

The file contains miscellaneous papers, mostly printed publications, newspaper cuttings and photographs, relating to Persia and the Persian Gulf The historical term used to describe the body of water between the Arabian Peninsula and Iran. .

It includes a few items of correspondence, including letters to George Nathaniel Curzon relating to the Trans-Persian Railway, and Russian influence in Persia, and handwritten notes by Curzon on topics including arms traffic in the Persian Gulf The historical term used to describe the body of water between the Arabian Peninsula and Iran. , and the Trans-Persian Railway.

The file also includes copies of printed publications relating to Persia, including: three pamphlets on Lake Urmi [Urmia] in North West Persia, by Robert Theodore Günther (two of which include duplicate copies of a map of the Lake Urmi Basin, Mss Eur F111/356, f 132); a paper entitled ‘Paper to be read before the Indian Section of the Society of Arts, Thursday, May 8th. 1902. The Past and Present Connection of England with the Persian Gulf The historical term used to describe the body of water between the Arabian Peninsula and Iran. . By Thomas Jewell Bennett.’; and an article from the Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal (Volume 5, Number 8, August 1909) entitled ‘Some Persian Folk-lore Stories concerning the Ruins of Persepolis.’ by Captain Charles Monk Gibbon, Royal Irish Fusiliers.

It includes in addition: two issues of a French pamphlet entitled Bulletin de l’Union des Associations des Anciens Élèves des Écoles Supérieures de Commerce (Reconnues par l’État) [ Bulletin of the Union of Associations of Former Students of the Higher Schools of Commerce (Recognized by the State) ], dated 20 January and 5 February 1904, which include articles by M E Peschier on the Baghdad Railway; and a German bookseller’s catalogue entitled Indica et Iranica Teilweise aus der Bibliothek von Viggo Fausböll Professor der indischen Sprachen an der Universität Kopenhagen I. Literaturen und Sprachen Indiens und Persiens [ Indica et Iranica Partially from the Library of Viggo Fausboll Professor of Indian Languages at the University of Copenhagen. Literatures and Languages of India and Persia ].

Folios to 250 to 370 of the file mostly consist of cuttings relating to Persia and the Persian Gulf The historical term used to describe the body of water between the Arabian Peninsula and Iran. from various newspapers and other publications, including: The Times , The Morning Post , The Spectator , The Civil & Military Gazette , The Times of India , and The Standard . The cuttings concern topics including: British interests in Persia; the Russian influence in Persia, including the Persian Government signing a concession to a Russian company for the construction of a cart-road between Kazvin, Resht and Enzeli, and Anglo-Russian rivalry in trade with Persia; the cholera epidemic in Persia; and the events of the Persian Constitutional Revolution of 1905-11.

Folios 386 to 433 of the file consist of black and white photographs, including:

  • Three photographs in an envelope entitled ‘Photos of Koweit [Kuwait]’, of Mabarak-bin-Subah [Shaikh Mubārak bin Ṣabāḥ Āl Ṣabāḥ], Shaikh of Kuwait, and his youngest son Naser (f 387), the foreshore of Koweit (f 388), and the residence of the Shaikh of Koweit (f 389)
  • Two photographs in an envelope labelled ‘Photos by Parkin (assistant at Brit[ish] Resid[ency] Bushire / of Koweit Muscat. Bushire. Sent to me by Col[onel] Meade. April 1899.’ of Seyed Faisal bin Turki [Sayyid Fayṣal bin Turkī Āl Bū Sa‘īd], Sultan of Muscat (f 392), and Seyed Mohamed bin Turki, half-brother of the Sultan of Muscat (f 391)
  • A set of photographs of the following: the South entrance of the Governor’s house, Bushire (f 395); the Political Agency An office of the East India Company and, later, of the British Raj, headed by an agent. and British Consulate, Muskat [Muscat] (f 396); the watch tower on Samana (f 397); Major and Mrs Leigh in Camp in Samana (f 398); Major and Mrs Leigh and Lieutenant Creagh [possibly George Washington Brazier-Creagh] at Mastar [Māster, Persia] (f 399); entrance of Muskat Harbour (f 400); town of Muskat from the harbour (f 401); Fort Jelali, Muskat (f 402); Fort Mahrani [Fort Al-Mirani], Muscat (f 403); and the British Vice Consulate at Mohamerah [Khorramshahr] (f 404)
  • Printed images of the following: the British Agency An office of the East India Company and, later, of the British Raj, headed by an agent. , Manamah, Bahrain (f 407); Shaikh Khaz’ al of Muhammareh [Shaikh Khaz‘al bin Jābir bin Mirdāw al-Ka‘bī] (f 408); the view at Haz’-adh-Dhabi, Trucial Oman A name used by Britain from the nineteenth century to 1971 to refer to the present-day United Arab Emirates. (f 409); salt rocks on Qishm Island near Namakdan (f 410); the Hindiyan River near Zaidan (f 411); a parade of British and Persian troops at Rishehr, 1905 (f 412); two views of Muhammerah Town (f 413); a creek near Basrah [Basra] from the Shatt-al-’Arab (f 414); a crowd at Ras-al-Khaimah (f 415); the Foreshore, Kuwait (f 416); the Hanaini well, Bahrain Island (f 417); ancient tumuli, Bahrain Island (f 418); Kumzar (f 419); Lingeh (f 420); the Tis Valley in Persian Makran (f 421); the West end of Masqat Town [Muscat Town] with the Sultan’s Palace and Fort Mirani (f 422); and the Eastern end of Masqat Town, with the British Consulate on the left, and the Sultan’s palace on the right (f 423).
Extent and format
1 file (436 folios)
Arrangement

The folios from folio 4 to folio 251 are arranged in rough chronological order. The newspaper cuttings are mostly between folios 249 and 359, and the photographs are at the rear of the file (folios 386 to 433).

Physical characteristics

Foliation: the foliation sequence (used for referencing) commences at the front cover with 1, and terminates at the inside back cover with 436; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto The front of a sheet of paper or leaf, often abbreviated to 'r'. side of each folio.

Written in
English, French and German in Latin script
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Publications, Newspaper Cuttings, Photographs and Correspondence about Persia and the Persian Gulf [‎72r] (145/879), British Library: India Office Records and Private Papers, Mss Eur F111/356, in Qatar Digital Library <https://www.qdl.qa/archive/81055/vdc_100179960734.0x000074> [accessed 3 August 2026]

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