"دليل الخليج. مجلد I. القسم التاريخي. الأجزاء Iأ و Iب. ج.ج. لوريمر ١٩١٥" [‎٢‎٤‎٣] (١٧٨٢/٣٨٦)

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Wah of Baghdad. In 1866, there were indications that the Porte intended
to assert and enforce their authority over Kuwait; in 1869 they intimated
that they regarded Bahrain as belonging to them; and early in 1871 it was
understood that an attempt would presently be made to establish Turkish
sovereignty over Central Arabia, Bahrain, Masqat, and the Arab tribes of
Southern Arabia generally. An appeal made by a displaced Amir of
Southern >.ajd to the Turkish Government for restoration to power in
dependence upon Turkey quickly provided them with an opportunity for
open action; and in the summer of 1871 Hasa was occupied bv Turkish
troops sent by sea from Basrah; while Kuwait, from which armed
assistance and marine transport had been borrowed for the operations in
Hasa, was considered to have been incorporated in Turkey on the same
occasion. Riyadh in Central Arabia had been the original objective of the
Turkish expedition to Hasa, of which latter province the direct administra
tion was undertaken by Turkish officials towards the end of 1871 to the
disappointment of two contending Wahhabi Amirs; but no advance was
made from Hasa to Riyadh. A warning from the British Government, to
which point was given by the stationing of a British political officer in
Bahrain in 1871-7ji, sufficed to prevent actual Turkish aggressions, though
not Turkish threats, against that principality ; but the Turkish flag was
hoisted at Dohah in Qatar, a Turkish military detachment later occupying
that place; and Mid-hat Pasha, in his official gazette, included the chief
towns of Trucial ; Oman in an enumeration of those belonging to the
conquered province of " Najd," a province which his troops had not
entered at all, though they had taken possession of one of its outlying
dependencies (Hasa). About the same time that direct Turkish rule in
Masa began, a Turkish Consulate was established at Bushehr in Persia on
the opposite side of the Gulf, possibly with an eye to Bahrain affairs.
The British Government did not admit the title of the Porte to any
territory in Eastern Arabia except Hasa, which had been actually occupied ;
but the annexation of Hasa, even by such a power as Turkey, was a
sufficient evil in itself and greatly increased the difficulty of maintaining
maritime security in the waters of the Persian Gulf.
Relations of Turkey and Persia, 1861-72.
The most noteworthy incident in the relations of Turkey and Persia
during the period under consideration was a visit which the Shah paid tq
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