"بعثة لإجراء عملية مسح لنهري دجلة والفرات، تم تنفيذها بأمر من الحكومة البريطانية، في السنوات ١٨٣٥، ١٨٣٦، ١٨٣٧؛ تسبقها إشعارات جغرافية وتاريخية للمناطق الواقعة بين نهري النيل والسند. في أربعة مجلّدات. مع أربع عشرة خريطة ورسمًا، ومزينة بثلاث عشرة لوحة، بالإضافة للعديد من الرسومات بالحفر على الخشب. المجلّد الأول." [‎٤‎٦‎٧] (٩٠٥/٥٥٢)

CHAP. XIX.]
RIVERS OF 'AKKA.
467
through the deep and interesting valleys of Sheibani, Soleima,
Deir-el-Rughan, and Ras-el-Mitan. Ten miles southward of
the town is the Nahr-el-Kadi, or Dermer, probably the Ta -Nahr-ei-Kadi.
myrus, which has but a short course from the neighbour
hood of Deir-el-Kammar. Again, farther south, and a little
way north of Sidon, is the Nahr-el-Owely, or Baruk, the
ancient Bostrenus, which reaches the sea after a W.S.W.
course from the slopes of Jebel Baruk towards the summit
of Lebanon.
Southward, the country has fewer large rivers. Besides the
small streams already mentioned, there are others terminating
at the coast, near Tyre and Sidon; and the Numan, or BeiusandKe-
Belus, which flows from Safet westward, through the valleys risun r,vers "
of Hanein and El Karum, and enters the sea a little way
southward of Akka. There is lastly the Kerisun, which has
two branches, the southern and principal stream flowing from
the southern slopes of Gilboa, and thence north-westward
through the plain of Esdraelon, in which it receives the
Kischar (Kisar) coming from the vicinity of Endor. The
trunk thus formed, called El Nahr Makutta,is of inconsiderable
size, and flows north-westward along a pleasing valley at the
foot of Mount Carmel, till it enters the bay of Kaifa, receiving,
on the northern side, a little way short of the latter, a small
affluent called the Nahr-el-Kelek, or Katedieh.
On the opposite side, about Lake Tiberias, are the plains
already noticed, and some valleys ; but in the northern part of
the depression the character of the country is materially
changed; here Jebel-el-Drus rises abruptly from the plain : jebei-ei-Drus.
but instead of having offsets enclosing deep valleys, as on the
western side, it presents rounded shoulders thinly covered with
oaks, pines, and other trees, with villages and cultivation at
distant intervals. Such is also the character of the eastern
side of the Lebanon range, opposite to the district of El hchaff,
and again on the grassy slopes of Jebel Sanin, where the vil
lages are still less frequent.
On this side, the nomadic people, such as Kurds, Turko
mans, and Arabs, bear a much larger proportion to the fixed
population than on the western side of the district, which con-
r r 3 o 2