"بعثة لإجراء عملية مسح لنهري دجلة والفرات، تم تنفيذها بأمر من الحكومة البريطانية، في السنوات ١٨٣٥، ١٨٣٦، ١٨٣٧؛ تسبقها إشعارات جغرافية وتاريخية للمناطق الواقعة بين نهري النيل والسند. في أربعة مجلّدات. مع أربع عشرة خريطة ورسمًا، ومزينة بثلاث عشرة لوحة، بالإضافة للعديد من الرسومات بالحفر على الخشب. المجلّد الأول." [‎٣‎٨‎١] (٩٠٥/٤٥٨)

CHAP. XVI,]
ANCIENT INHABITANTS.
381
grain ; nor can he, in general, complain of the severity of the
punishments awarded by law.
That the ancient inhabitants of the peninsula were princi- Ancient
pally from Assyria is highly probable, since, in addition to the people '
proofs already stated, 1 we find, from Herodotus, 2 that the
JLeuco-Syrians dwelt on the borders of Paphlagonia; and,
again, 3 that those of Cappadocia generally were Syrians. The
Syrians are also mentioned by Strabo as being near the Halys,
and in the vicinity of Amisus ; 4 and it is certain that the reli
gion of the Persians prevailed westward as well as eastward
of the Halys. Temples of Men Pharnace, or the moon,
existed at Zileh and Sebaste; also in Lydia, Phrygia, Persia,
and Albania: 5 and the goddess of truth, Anaitis, had a temple
at Zileh 6 (where there was held a fete to Sacca). This deity
was also worshipped amongst the Armenians, at Acilis^ne, 7
and the Persians,® as well as among the Lydians. 9 The
Phrygians, like the Persians, sacrificed to the sun (Mithra),
to heaven or Jupiter, and to the earth; 10 they likewise had
temples to Belus, Cybele, and Rhea: 11 added to these evidences,
we have, in the monumental inscriptions of Lycia, 12 in the
style of the architecture, and especially in the so-called Sara
cenic arch, as well as in numerous troglodyte habitations of
the peninsula, as many marked resemblances to the works of
the Assyrians. The observations of Strabo still further con
firm the opinion, since he says that the Syrians extended from
Babylon to the Issus, and again from the latter place to the
shores of the Euxine. 13 The traces of the Hypachsei or Phoe-
1 P. 342 to 344. 2 Lib. I., c. vii.
8 Herodotus, lib. I., c. Ixxii.; and lib. VII., c. Ixxii.
4 Lib XII., pp. 544, 553.
5 Strabo, lib. XL, pp. 511, 535, 551; and lib. XIL, pp. 532, 557, 559.
6 Strabo, lib. XL, p. 511.
7 Ibid., p. 533 ; and Plin., lib. V., c. xxiv.
8 Strabo. lib. XL, pp. 511, 533; and lib. XIL, p. 559.
8 Ibid., lib. XL, p. 533.
'« Diod. Sic., lib. V. 11 Ibid., lib. 11.
12 The words King of Kings occur frequently on the inscriptions; also Aoura,
on Aouremez, the Ormuzd of the Persians.—Mr. Fellowes's Second Excur-
sion in Asia Minor, p. 435. 13 Strabo, lib. XVI., p. 737.