Overview
What types of records will you find?
The records that can be found within the Bushire files can be broadly divided into three groups, each reflecting changes in record-keeping practice at the Residency An office of the East India Company and, later, of the British Raj, established in the provinces and regions considered part of, or under the influence of, British India. : 1) chronological letter books covering the period 1763-1849; 2) subject-based letter books covering the period 1850-1889; and 3) subject files covering the period 1889-1948.
Letter books (1763-1849): IOR/R/15/1/1-118
The letter books consist of series of letters sent and received by the Bushire Residency An office of the East India Company and, later, of the British Raj, established in the provinces and regions considered part of, or under the influence of, British India. . This correspondence was with whoever was responsible for the Residency An office of the East India Company and, later, of the British Raj, established in the provinces and regions considered part of, or under the influence of, British India. at the time (e.g. the Basra Agency An office of the East India Company and, later, of the British Raj, headed by an agent. , the Government of Bombay From c. 1668-1858, the East India Company’s administration in the city of Bombay [Mumbai] and western India. From 1858-1947, a subdivision of the British Raj. It was responsible for British relations with the Gulf and Red Sea regions. , or the Government of India), other British officials or officers in the Persian Gulf The historical term used to describe the body of water between the Arabian Peninsula and Iran. , British diplomatic representatives in Persia, local Arab or Persian officials, and the rulers of Persian Gulf The historical term used to describe the body of water between the Arabian Peninsula and Iran. States. In some circumstances the Residency An office of the East India Company and, later, of the British Raj, established in the provinces and regions considered part of, or under the influence of, British India. was authorised to communicate direct with the home authorities in England. The volumes in this period were originally numbered chronologically using book numbers. In the 1830s these volumes were divided up into three types, reflecting increased volumes of correspondence: General (with Bombay), Native, and Secret.
Letters received from Bombay were bound by the relevant department (Marine, Military, Political, etc.) and bear Bombay Government reference numbers. Letters sent to Bombay were numbered by the department they were addressed to. Letters to destinations other than Bombay were not numbered in this fashion.
‘Native’ inward correspondence contains English translations of letters received in either Arabic or Persian. ‘Native’ outward correspondence consists of draft letters for translation into Arabic or Persian.
‘Secret’ correspondence comprises letters predominantly to or from the Secret Department at Bombay, the Secret Committee Pre-1784, the Committee responsible for protecting East India Company shipping. Post-1784, its main role was to transmit communications between the Board of Control and the Company's Indian governments on matters requiring secrecy. of the Board of Control Formally known as the Board of Commissioners for the Affairs of India, it was established by an Act of Parliament in 1784 to supervise the activities of the East India Company. , or British diplomatic representatives in Persia. Enclosures are either transcribed with their original covering letter, or have their location in another volume referenced accordingly.
Letter books (1850-1889): IOR/R/15/1/119-198
During this period correspondence to and from the Bushire Residency An office of the East India Company and, later, of the British Raj, established in the provinces and regions considered part of, or under the influence of, British India. was bound into subject-based compilations. It is unclear at what stage these were created, as some volumes contain papers that were previously filed separately. Some of these volumes bear old style book numbers, and some were maintained after the introduction of a subject-based filing system in 1889. A number of ad-hoc series have survived from this period, for example ‘Old Records’ or the ‘Political Diaries’, possibly as a result of poor record-keeping practices.
Subject files (1889-1948): IOR/R/15/1/199-703
In 1889 Residency An office of the East India Company and, later, of the British Raj, established in the provinces and regions considered part of, or under the influence of, British India. staff overhauled the establishment’s record-keeping. Files were subsequently numbered using a subject-based file system. Each subject was assigned a number, and each file within a subject was given a part number. The subject files include all relevant material on a subject, including Arabic and Persian correspondence. In 1945 these series (now known as the A Series) were reorganised: unused subjects were discontinued, inactive files were bound for reference, and active files were transferred to a new B Series. A new confidential series was also created, and miscellaneous files reclassified. Because of the limited number of B Series files, the Bushire subject files at the British Library have been filed under their A Series numbers.
Additional files from the Foreign Office
A number of Bushire Residency An office of the East India Company and, later, of the British Raj, established in the provinces and regions considered part of, or under the influence of, British India. files were later discovered in the Foreign and Commonwealth Office Library, and subsequently transferred to the India Office The department of the British Government to which the Government of India reported between 1858 and 1947. The successor to the Court of Directors. Records in September 1979. The files arrived after the collection had been allocated India Office The department of the British Government to which the Government of India reported between 1858 and 1947. The successor to the Court of Directors. reference numbers, and therefore could not be added into the appropriate places within the IOR/R/15/1 sequence. They have been listed at the end of the appropriate sequence as IOR/R/15/1/7-10 and IOR/R/15/1/704-708 instead.
Gaps in the Records
Though the Bushire Residency An office of the East India Company and, later, of the British Raj, established in the provinces and regions considered part of, or under the influence of, British India. files cover a long time span (1763-1948) there are significant gaps in the records. A large number of letter books from the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries have survived, although many are incomplete or in poor condition. Many of the A series files have been lost as a result of a thorough weeding by the Foreign Office in 1951. There are also very few B series files remaining in the India Office The department of the British Government to which the Government of India reported between 1858 and 1947. The successor to the Court of Directors. Records; these remained in active use when the Foreign Office assumed responsibility for the Residency An office of the East India Company and, later, of the British Raj, established in the provinces and regions considered part of, or under the influence of, British India. in 1948. These files can be found in the Foreign Office Embassy and Consular Archives in the UK National Archives [FO 1016]. Indexes for the Bushire Residency An office of the East India Company and, later, of the British Raj, established in the provinces and regions considered part of, or under the influence of, British India. provide some indication of the original scope and extent of the records (IOR/Z/R/15/1/1-6).
Below is a list of surviving records comprising the Bushire Records A Series, with links to the first available digitised file in each subject:
- Subject 5 Slave Trade (IOR/R/15/1/199-234)
- Subject 9 Arms and Ammunition (235-236)
- Subject 13 Miscellaneous (237-238)
- Subject 14 Arab Coast and Islands (239-294)
- Subject 18 Judicial (295-313)
- Subject 19 Bahrain (314-377)
- Subject 22 Gwadur (378-381)
- Subject 23 Turkish Arabia (382-383)
- Subject 26 Arabistan and Luristan (384-388)
- Subject 33 Naval and Marine (389-390)
- Subject 35 Muscat (391-467)
- Subject 45 Interdicts (468)
- Subject 51 Telegraph Department (469)
- Subject 52 Persian Islands (470)
- Subject 53 Kuwait (471-549)
- Subject 58 Qatar (550-551)
- Subject 59 Buildings (552-553)
- Subject 60 Financial (554-555)
- Subject 61 Najd (556-609)
- Subject 73 Routes and Railways in Persia and Arabia (610-615)
- Subject 78 Pearl Fisheries (616)
- Subject 79 Second World War (617A-B)
- Subject 82 Anglo-Persian Oil Company (618-637)
- Subject 86 Eastern Syndicate (638-703)
FURTHER READING
Tuson, Penelope, The Records of the British Residency An office of the East India Company and, later, of the British Raj, established in the provinces and regions considered part of, or under the influence of, British India. and Agencies in the Persian Gulf The historical term used to describe the body of water between the Arabian Peninsula and Iran. . IOR R/15 (London: India Office The department of the British Government to which the Government of India reported between 1858 and 1947. The successor to the Court of Directors. Records, 1979)
Lorimer, John Gordon, Gazetteer of the Persian Gulf The historical term used to describe the body of water between the Arabian Peninsula and Iran. , ’Oman, and Central Arabia, vol. 1: Historical, vol. 2: Geographical and Statistical (Calcutta: Superintendent of Government Printing, 1908, 1915; reprinted by Archive Editions, 1986)
Hughes, Thomas, R. (ed.), Selections from the Records of the Bombay Government, new series 24: Historical and Other Information, Connected with the Province of Oman, Maskat, Bahrein, and Other Places in the Persian Gulf The historical term used to describe the body of water between the Arabian Peninsula and Iran. … Etc., issued by the Bombay Political Department (Bombay: Bombay Education Society Press, 1856; reprinted by Oleander Press, 1985, as Arabian Gulf Intelligence: Selections from the Records of the Bombay Government)
Kelly, J.B., Britain and the Persian Gulf The historical term used to describe the body of water between the Arabian Peninsula and Iran. , 1795–1880 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1968)
Kelly, J.B., Fighting the Retreat from Arabia and the Gulf: The Collected Essays and Reviews of J.B. Kelly, volumes 1-2, edited by Saul Kelly (London: New English Review Press, 2013-14)
Kumar, Ravinder, India and the Persian Gulf The historical term used to describe the body of water between the Arabian Peninsula and Iran. Region, 1858–1907: A Study in British Imperial Policy (Bombay: Asia Publishing House, 1965)
Busch, Briton Cooper, Britain and the Persian Gulf The historical term used to describe the body of water between the Arabian Peninsula and Iran. , 1894–1914 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1967)
Onley, James, The Arabian Frontier of the British Raj: Merchants, Rulers, and the British in the Nineteenth-Century Gulf (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007)
Onley, James, “Britain and the Gulf Shaikhdoms, 1820–1971: The Politics of Protection”, CIRS Occasional Paper No. 4 (Georgetown University School of Foreign Service in Qatar), pp. 1–44
Standish, John, Persia and the Gulf: Retrospect and Prospect (Richmond: Curzon Press, 1998)